{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4283705032","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3501385.3543957","title":"Automatic Generation of Programming Exercises and Code Explanations Using Large Language Models","display_name":"Automatic Generation of Programming Exercises and Code Explanations Using Large Language Models","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-08-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4283705032","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3501385.3543957"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3501385.3543957","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3501385.3543957","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3501385.3543957","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2022 ACM Conference on International Computing Education Research - Volume 1","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3501385.3543957","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064114707","display_name":"Sami Sarsa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7277-9282"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9927081","display_name":"Aalto University","ror":"https://ror.org/020hwjq30","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sami Sarsa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Aalto University, Finland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aalto University, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032890999","display_name":"Paul Denny","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5150-9806"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154130895","display_name":"University of Auckland","ror":"https://ror.org/03b94tp07","country_code":"NZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154130895"]}],"countries":["NZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paul Denny","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of Auckland, New Zealand"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Auckland, New Zealand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154130895"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076828114","display_name":"Arto Hellas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6502-209X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9927081","display_name":"Aalto University","ror":"https://ror.org/020hwjq30","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Arto Hellas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Aalto University, Finland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aalto University, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041367899","display_name":"Juho Leinonen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6829-9449"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9927081","display_name":"Aalto University","ror":"https://ror.org/020hwjq30","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Juho Leinonen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Aalto University, Finland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aalto University, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5064114707"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":88.0626,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":423,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99948849,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"27","last_page":"43"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10533","display_name":"Teaching and Learning Programming","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10533","display_name":"Teaching and Learning Programming","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9972000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9890999794006348,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.78802090883255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generative-grammar","display_name":"Generative grammar","score":0.6626395583152771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.6350721120834351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","score":0.5790671110153198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sample","display_name":"Sample (material)","score":0.540362536907196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.49127787351608276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generative-model","display_name":"Generative model","score":0.44934001564979553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-paradigm","display_name":"Programming paradigm","score":0.4345276355743408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.43149715662002563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/program-code","display_name":"Program code","score":0.4223022162914276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.3577338457107544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.3282347619533539}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.78802090883255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39890363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36108","display_name":"Generative grammar","level":2,"score":0.6626395583152771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.6350721120834351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5790671110153198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198531522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485146","display_name":"Sample (material)","level":2,"score":0.540362536907196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.49127787351608276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167966045","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532625","display_name":"Generative model","level":3,"score":0.44934001564979553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34165917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188267","display_name":"Programming paradigm","level":2,"score":0.4345276355743408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.43149715662002563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988963302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q629206","display_name":"Program code","level":2,"score":0.4223022162914276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.3577338457107544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.3282347619533539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43617362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170050","display_name":"Chromatography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3501385.3543957","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3501385.3543957","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3501385.3543957","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2022 ACM Conference on International Computing Education Research - Volume 1","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2206.11861","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2206.11861","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2206.11861","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:aaltodoc.aalto.fi:123456789/116833","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.aalto.fi/en/publications/0507a1f2-6dad-4d2a-a3a1-0645dd38ff28","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401663","display_name":"Aaltodoc (Aalto University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I9927081","host_organization_name":"Aalto University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"acceptedVersion"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3501385.3543957","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3501385.3543957","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3501385.3543957","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2022 ACM Conference on International Computing Education Research - Volume 1","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8600000143051147,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4283705032.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4283705032.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":94,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W598355015","https://openalex.org/W1564362259","https://openalex.org/W1594737854","https://openalex.org/W1969704197","https://openalex.org/W1975180387","https://openalex.org/W1980871615","https://openalex.org/W2006303528","https://openalex.org/W2012560454","https://openalex.org/W2016922325","https://openalex.org/W2041103998","https://openalex.org/W2044101946","https://openalex.org/W2044370049","https://openalex.org/W2050931223","https://openalex.org/W2070405152","https://openalex.org/W2085864841","https://openalex.org/W2090266317","https://openalex.org/W2090471876","https://openalex.org/W2104916970","https://openalex.org/W2116257273","https://openalex.org/W2121993767","https://openalex.org/W2129741299","https://openalex.org/W2133247167","https://openalex.org/W2135841285","https://openalex.org/W2135943618","https://openalex.org/W2138432297","https://openalex.org/W2148071752","https://openalex.org/W2151828850","https://openalex.org/W2157680205","https://openalex.org/W2158534319","https://openalex.org/W2256015143","https://openalex.org/W2281037989","https://openalex.org/W2293412016","https://openalex.org/W2296170693","https://openalex.org/W2336395599","https://openalex.org/W2463194977","https://openalex.org/W2728842346","https://openalex.org/W2729443486","https://openalex.org/W2750442971","https://openalex.org/W2783796210","https://openalex.org/W2789096433","https://openalex.org/W2790195820","https://openalex.org/W2790724973","https://openalex.org/W2791633116","https://openalex.org/W2807648480","https://openalex.org/W2807806372","https://openalex.org/W2809393522","https://openalex.org/W2886585694","https://openalex.org/W2894540915","https://openalex.org/W2909583468","https://openalex.org/W2912010641","https://openalex.org/W2915253096","https://openalex.org/W2916484486","https://openalex.org/W2916961308","https://openalex.org/W2936543975","https://openalex.org/W2940189541","https://openalex.org/W2964119902","https://openalex.org/W2970608058","https://openalex.org/W2983091739","https://openalex.org/W2996517729","https://openalex.org/W3000429148","https://openalex.org/W3001923893","https://openalex.org/W3009936914","https://openalex.org/W3010192453","https://openalex.org/W3032903422","https://openalex.org/W3033286267","https://openalex.org/W3047886169","https://openalex.org/W3098605233","https://openalex.org/W3134161095","https://openalex.org/W3136847194","https://openalex.org/W3137139293","https://openalex.org/W3138715211","https://openalex.org/W3167624900","https://openalex.org/W3177813494","https://openalex.org/W3177928934","https://openalex.org/W3196116495","https://openalex.org/W4200633400","https://openalex.org/W4211222557","https://openalex.org/W4211263275","https://openalex.org/W4213421742","https://openalex.org/W4220993274","https://openalex.org/W4221158828","https://openalex.org/W4225149680","https://openalex.org/W4248496639","https://openalex.org/W4250865353","https://openalex.org/W4281557260","https://openalex.org/W4284896789","https://openalex.org/W4289523162","https://openalex.org/W4290460128","https://openalex.org/W4292779060","https://openalex.org/W4292808503","https://openalex.org/W4311887664","https://openalex.org/W4312565886","https://openalex.org/W6819083493","https://openalex.org/W6910812304"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4365211920","https://openalex.org/W3014948380","https://openalex.org/W4380551139","https://openalex.org/W4317695495","https://openalex.org/W4395044357","https://openalex.org/W4287117424","https://openalex.org/W4387506531","https://openalex.org/W2087346071","https://openalex.org/W2967848559","https://openalex.org/W4299831724"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"article":[1],"explores":[2],"the":[3,15,31,57,60,91,95,107,138,141,153,172,176,179],"natural":[4],"language":[5,10,33],"generation":[6],"capabilities":[7],"of":[8,17,20,59,140,155,178],"large":[9,32],"models":[11,122],"with":[12],"application":[13],"to":[14,74,88,106,136,148,174],"production":[16],"two":[18],"types":[19],"learning":[21,121],"resources":[22],"common":[23],"in":[24,70,117],"programming":[25,37,92,163],"courses.":[26],"Using":[27],"OpenAI":[28,156],"Codex":[29,157],"as":[30,76,104,123],"model,":[34],"we":[35,81],"create":[36],"exercises":[38,80],"(including":[39],"sample":[40],"solutions":[41],"and":[42,45,51,67,69,94,158,165,185],"test":[43],"cases)":[44],"code":[46],"explanations,":[47],"assessing":[48],"these":[49],"qualitatively":[50],"quantitatively.":[52],"Our":[53,109],"results":[54],"suggest":[55],"that":[56,83,112,170],"majority":[58],"automatically":[61],"generated":[62,142],"content":[63,143],"is":[64,85,114,146],"both":[65,90,183],"novel":[66],"sensible,":[68],"some":[71,134],"cases":[72],"ready":[73],"use":[75],"is.":[77],"When":[78],"creating":[79],"find":[82],"it":[84,145],"remarkably":[86],"easy":[87],"influence":[89],"concepts":[93],"contextual":[96],"themes":[97],"they":[98],"contain,":[99],"simply":[100],"by":[101],"supplying":[102],"keywords":[103],"input":[105],"model.":[108],"analysis":[110],"suggests":[111],"there":[113,129],"significant":[115],"value":[116],"massive":[118],"generative":[119],"machine":[120],"a":[124,131],"tool":[125],"for":[126,133,161,182],"instructors,":[127],"although":[128],"remains":[130],"need":[132],"oversight":[135],"ensure":[137],"quality":[139,177],"before":[144],"delivered":[147],"students.":[149],"We":[150],"further":[151],"discuss":[152],"implications":[154],"similar":[159],"tools":[160],"introductory":[162],"education":[164],"highlight":[166],"future":[167],"research":[168],"streams":[169],"have":[171],"potential":[173],"improve":[175],"educational":[180],"experience":[181],"teachers":[184],"students":[186],"alike.":[187]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":142},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":164},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":94},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-04-14T08:04:32.555800","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}