{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4200349062","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3498891.3500928","title":"The tragedy of common bandwidth: rDDoS","display_name":"The tragedy of common bandwidth: rDDoS","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-10-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4200349062","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3498891.3500928"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3498891.3500928","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3498891.3500928","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306420613","display_name":"New Security Paradigms Workshop","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"New Security Paradigms Workshop","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089091345","display_name":"Art\u016brs Lavrenovs","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9961-2637"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802296436","display_name":"NATO Cooperative Cyber Defence Centre of Excellence","ror":"https://ror.org/050reks70","country_code":"EE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802296436","https://openalex.org/I4210162703"]}],"countries":["EE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Arturs Lavrenovs","raw_affiliation_strings":["NATO CCDCOE, Estonia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NATO CCDCOE, Estonia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802296436"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015418863","display_name":"\u00c9ireann Leverett","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6586-7359"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eireann Leverett","raw_affiliation_strings":["Concinnity Risks, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Concinnity Risks, UK","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089502333","display_name":"Aaron Kaplan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0795-335X"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aaron Kaplan","raw_affiliation_strings":["EC-DIGIT-CSIRC, Luxembourg"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"EC-DIGIT-CSIRC, Luxembourg","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5089091345"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802296436"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.13162478,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"3694730","issue":null,"first_page":"43","last_page":"58"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.988099992275238,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.988099992275238,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10138","display_name":"Network Traffic and Congestion Control","score":0.9764000177383423,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.951200008392334,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bandwidth","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","score":0.6002368927001953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5196953415870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tragedy","display_name":"Tragedy (event)","score":0.48057103157043457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.22518959641456604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociology","display_name":"Sociology","score":0.12699267268180847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-science","display_name":"Social science","score":0.07576104998588562}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776257435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1576430","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","level":2,"score":0.6002368927001953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5196953415870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780027720","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7832608","display_name":"Tragedy (event)","level":2,"score":0.48057103157043457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.22518959641456604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.12699267268180847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.07576104998588562}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3498891.3500928","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3498891.3500928","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306420613","display_name":"New Security Paradigms Workshop","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"New Security Paradigms Workshop","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W205175404","https://openalex.org/W1534296850","https://openalex.org/W1578950868","https://openalex.org/W2002531683","https://openalex.org/W2061109653","https://openalex.org/W2127071382","https://openalex.org/W2166712248","https://openalex.org/W2610896886","https://openalex.org/W2746959142","https://openalex.org/W2753514269","https://openalex.org/W2768883253","https://openalex.org/W2799441662","https://openalex.org/W2802559387","https://openalex.org/W2960779179","https://openalex.org/W2980771234","https://openalex.org/W3040590365","https://openalex.org/W3139597027","https://openalex.org/W4229595370","https://openalex.org/W4365806334"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2361496929","https://openalex.org/W2393999527","https://openalex.org/W2366433111","https://openalex.org/W621291262","https://openalex.org/W2361753970","https://openalex.org/W2391748847","https://openalex.org/W2384232886","https://openalex.org/W2360971512"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Reflected":[0],"distributed":[1],"denial":[2],"of":[3,30,40,47,93,105,146,190,217,228],"service":[4],"(rDDoS)":[5],"policy":[6,41,207,244,263],"interventions":[7,52,208],"often":[8],"focus":[9,265],"on":[10,91,171,194,266],"reflector":[11,156],"count":[12],"reductions.":[13],"Current":[14],"rDDoS":[15,72,79,108,127],"metrics":[16],"(max":[17],"DDoS":[18],"witnessed)":[19],"favour":[20],"commercial":[21],"responses,":[22],"but":[23],"don\u2019t":[24],"frame":[25],"this":[26,58,237,257],"as":[27,164,232],"a":[28,78,134,144],"problem":[29,192],"the":[31,69,106,111,131,141,147,172,182,191,195,213,224,267],"commons.":[32],"This":[33,198],"results":[34],"in":[35,110,126,256],"non-objective,":[36],"and":[37,43,154,160,179,204,271],"non-independent":[38],"discussion":[39,46],"interventions,":[42],"holds":[44],"back":[45],"any":[48],"public":[49],"health":[50],"style":[51],"that":[53,117,181,262],"aren\u2019t":[54],"commercially":[55],"motivated.":[56],"In":[57],"paper,":[59],"we":[60,114,210],"explore":[61],"multiple":[62],"questions":[63],"when":[64,246],"it":[65,247],"comes":[66,248],"to":[67,143,174,242,249,260],"measuring":[68],"potential":[70],"for":[71],"attacks":[73,231],"(i.e.":[74],"how":[75],"large":[76],"could":[77],"attack":[80],"become?).":[81],"We":[82,152,166],"also":[83,167,221],"raise":[84],"some":[85,272],"new":[86],"questions.":[87],"The":[88,215],"paper":[89,113,258],"builds":[90],"top":[92,183,273],"our":[94,218,239],"previous":[95,169],"research":[96,219],"[6].":[97],"Whereas":[98],"[7]":[99],"was":[100],"motivated":[101],"by":[102,223,234],"understanding":[103],"properties":[104],"individual":[107],"reflectors,":[109],"current":[112],"present":[115],"evidence":[116],"chasing":[118],"high":[119,137,268],"bandwidth":[120,138,269],"reflectors":[121,139,270],"is":[122,133,220,241,259],"far":[123],"more":[124],"impact-ful":[125],"harm":[128],"reduction.":[129],"If":[130],"internet":[132],"commons,":[135],"then":[136],"contribute":[140,186],"most":[142],"tragedy":[145],"commons":[148],"(see":[149],"Figure":[150],"1).":[151],"examine":[153],"compare":[155],"counts,":[157],"contribution":[158,162,255],"estimation,":[159],"empirical":[161],"verification":[163],"methodologies.":[165],"extend":[168],"works":[170],"topic":[173],"provide":[175],"ASN":[176],"level":[177],"metrics,":[178],"show":[180,261],"5":[184],"ASNs":[185,274],"between":[187],"30-70":[188],"percent":[189],"depending":[193],"protocol":[196],"examined.":[197],"finding":[199],"alone,":[200],"motivates":[201],"much":[202],"easier":[203],"cheaper":[205],"layered":[206],"which":[209],"discuss":[211],"within":[212],"paper.":[214],"motivation":[216],"given":[222],"surprisingly":[225],"strong":[226],"increase":[227],"actual":[229],"(r)DDoS":[230],"shown":[233],"[30].":[235],"Given":[236],"increase,":[238],"aim":[240],"trigger":[243],"change1":[245],"cleaning":[250],"up":[251],"reflectors.":[252],"Our":[253],"main":[254],"should":[264],"reduce":[275],"rDDoS\u2019s":[276],"potential.":[277]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}