{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4211208883","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3498765.3498769","title":"Research on the CRF-based Sequence Labeling Algorithm Used in Reference Resolution of Mathematical Word Problem Understanding","display_name":"Research on the CRF-based Sequence Labeling Algorithm Used in Reference Resolution of Mathematical Word Problem Understanding","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-10-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4211208883","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3498765.3498769"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3498765.3498769","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3498765.3498769","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Education Technology and Computers","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065873120","display_name":"Qingtang Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9410-9856"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40963666","display_name":"Central China Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/03x1jna21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40963666"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qingtang Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["The School of Educational Information Technology, Central China Normal University, China and Hubei Education Information Research Center, Central China Normal University, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The School of Educational Information Technology, Central China Normal University, China and Hubei Education Information Research Center, Central China Normal University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40963666"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037445454","display_name":"Xinqian Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-3798-4628"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40963666","display_name":"Central China Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/03x1jna21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40963666"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xinqian Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["The School of Educational Information Technology, Central China Normal University, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The School of Educational Information Technology, Central China Normal University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40963666"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048672374","display_name":"Pengxiao Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2396-4158"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40963666","display_name":"Central China Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/03x1jna21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40963666"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pengxiao Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["The School of Educational Information Technology, Central China Normal University, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The School of Educational Information Technology, Central China Normal University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40963666"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101603718","display_name":"Linjing Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1820-9665"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40963666","display_name":"Central China Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/03x1jna21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40963666"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Linjing Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["The School of Educational Information Technology, Central China Normal University, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The School of Educational Information Technology, Central China Normal University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40963666"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100328440","display_name":"Shuang Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6565-3019"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40963666","display_name":"Central China Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/03x1jna21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40963666"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuang Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["The School of Educational Information Technology, Central China Normal University, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The School of Educational Information Technology, Central China Normal University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40963666"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101177867","display_name":"Xueyan Yang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40963666","display_name":"Central China Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/03x1jna21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40963666"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xueyan Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["The School of Educational Information Technology, Central China Normal University, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The School of Educational Information Technology, Central China Normal University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40963666"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40963666"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.22107682,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"20","last_page":"26"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11902","display_name":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning","score":0.982699990272522,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11902","display_name":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning","score":0.982699990272522,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14025","display_name":"Educational Technology and Assessment","score":0.9606000185012817,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12884","display_name":"Educational Assessment and Pedagogy","score":0.9542999863624573,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sampling","display_name":"Sampling (signal processing)","score":0.6694321632385254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sequence","display_name":"Sequence (biology)","score":0.6546472311019897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6478369235992432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word","display_name":"Word (group theory)","score":0.6472705602645874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sequence-labeling","display_name":"Sequence labeling","score":0.6287927627563477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stratified-sampling","display_name":"Stratified sampling","score":0.6265973448753357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.5674057602882385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resolution","display_name":"Resolution (logic)","score":0.5668993592262268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.530754804611206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bayesian-probability","display_name":"Bayesian probability","score":0.5110770463943481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.5028778910636902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4467613101005554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/basis","display_name":"Basis (linear algebra)","score":0.4250667691230774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tree","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","score":0.41143161058425903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.39217087626457214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.3014674782752991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.17344620823860168}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140779682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210868","display_name":"Sampling (signal processing)","level":3,"score":0.6694321632385254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778112365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3511065","display_name":"Sequence (biology)","level":2,"score":0.6546472311019897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6478369235992432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90805587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10944557","display_name":"Word (group theory)","level":2,"score":0.6472705602645874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35639132","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7452468","display_name":"Sequence labeling","level":3,"score":0.6287927627563477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49898467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1517706","display_name":"Stratified sampling","level":2,"score":0.6265973448753357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.5674057602882385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138268822","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1051925","display_name":"Resolution (logic)","level":2,"score":0.5668993592262268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.530754804611206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107673813","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q812534","display_name":"Bayesian probability","level":2,"score":0.5110770463943481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.5028778910636902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4467613101005554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12426560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189569","display_name":"Basis (linear algebra)","level":2,"score":0.4250667691230774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113174947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2859736","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","level":2,"score":0.41143161058425903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.39217087626457214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3014674782752991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.17344620823860168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106131492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3072260","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3498765.3498769","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3498765.3498769","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Education Technology and Computers","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.4099999964237213}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":3,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2090639711","https://openalex.org/W2124741472","https://openalex.org/W2329664754"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3107474891","https://openalex.org/W4322096459","https://openalex.org/W2366703348","https://openalex.org/W2888361708","https://openalex.org/W2390726124","https://openalex.org/W1987599548","https://openalex.org/W2375537470","https://openalex.org/W2952341153","https://openalex.org/W3080496452","https://openalex.org/W4297748452"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Resolving":[0],"the":[1,13,20,24,30,47,55,68,72,83,90,94,100,104,114,117,122,140,152],"reference":[2,33,143],"phenomenon":[3],"in":[4,23,35,93,103],"application":[5],"problems":[6,87,92,102,127],"is":[7,82,149],"a":[8,58],"key":[9,43],"step":[10],"to":[11,66,108],"realize":[12],"understanding":[14],"of":[15,32,71,121],"mathematical":[16,36,123],"problems.":[17],"Compared":[18],"with":[19],"Chinese":[21,95],"corpus":[22],"general":[25],"field,":[26],"this":[27,53],"study":[28,56],"analyzed":[29],"characteristics":[31],"resolution":[34,144],"stratified":[37,73,84,124],"sampling":[38,74,85,125],"word":[39,86,126],"problems,":[40],"and":[41,76,99,119,136,139],"explored":[42],"factors":[44],"by":[45],"combining":[46],"C4.5":[48],"decision":[49],"tree":[50],"algorithm.":[51],"On":[52],"basis,":[54],"proposed":[57],"CRF-based":[59],"sequence":[60,131],"labeling":[61,132],"algorithm,":[62],"which":[63,148],"was":[64],"exploited":[65],"identify":[67],"to-be-solved":[69],"items":[70],"problem":[75],"resolved":[77],"them.":[78],"The":[79,110],"experimental":[80],"data":[81],"collected":[88],"from":[89,106],"math":[91],"college":[96],"entrance":[97],"examination":[98],"test":[101],"textbook":[105],"2012":[107],"2020.":[109],"results":[111],"show":[112],"that":[113],"F-values":[115,141],"for":[116,142],"antecedents":[118],"anaphors":[120],"based":[128],"on":[129],"CRF":[130],"can":[133,145],"reach":[134,146],"81.29%":[135],"90.69%,":[137],"respectively,":[138],"84.84%,":[147],"higher":[150],"than":[151],"traditional":[153],"Bayesian":[154],"method.":[155]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
