{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4280520332","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3494107.3522773","title":"A False Sense of Security?","display_name":"A False Sense of Security?","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-05-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4280520332","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3494107.3522773"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3494107.3522773","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3494107.3522773","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 8th ACM on Cyber-Physical System Security Workshop","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2205.09199","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063432685","display_name":"Dominik Kus","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9375-9643"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I887968799","display_name":"RWTH Aachen University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xfq0f34","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Dominik Kus","raw_affiliation_strings":["RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008835720","display_name":"Eric Wagner","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3211-1015"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166245","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Communication, Information Processing and Ergonomics","ror":"https://ror.org/05nn0gw40","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166245","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eric Wagner","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fraunhofer FKIE, Wachtberg, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer FKIE, Wachtberg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166245"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027786698","display_name":"Jan Pennekamp","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0398-6904"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I887968799","display_name":"RWTH Aachen University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xfq0f34","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jan Pennekamp","raw_affiliation_strings":["RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058401776","display_name":"Konrad Wolsing","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7571-0555"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166245","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Communication, Information Processing and Ergonomics","ror":"https://ror.org/05nn0gw40","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166245","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Konrad Wolsing","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fraunhofer FKIE, Wachtberg, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer FKIE, Wachtberg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166245"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038357994","display_name":"Ina Berenice Fink","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9146-215X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I887968799","display_name":"RWTH Aachen University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xfq0f34","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ina Berenice Fink","raw_affiliation_strings":["RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028184712","display_name":"Markus Dahlmanns","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9733-540X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I887968799","display_name":"RWTH Aachen University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xfq0f34","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Markus Dahlmanns","raw_affiliation_strings":["RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078646305","display_name":"Klaus Wehrle","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8609-800X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I887968799","display_name":"RWTH Aachen University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xfq0f34","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Klaus Wehrle","raw_affiliation_strings":["RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063048519","display_name":"Martin Henze","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8717-2523"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I887968799","display_name":"RWTH Aachen University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xfq0f34","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Martin Henze","raw_affiliation_strings":["RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5063432685"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.9974,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":21,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91310538,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"73","last_page":"84"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intrusion-detection-system","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","score":0.836105227470398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7861372232437134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anomaly-detection","display_name":"Anomaly detection","score":0.7043039798736572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.613257110118866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.6071837544441223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clarity","display_name":"CLARITY","score":0.5597408413887024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intrusion","display_name":"Intrusion","score":0.45230698585510254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anomaly-based-intrusion-detection-system","display_name":"Anomaly-based intrusion detection system","score":0.43285876512527466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.40155029296875}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35525427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q745881","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","level":2,"score":0.836105227470398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7861372232437134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C739882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3560506","display_name":"Anomaly detection","level":2,"score":0.7043039798736572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.613257110118866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.6071837544441223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777146004","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14949826","display_name":"CLARITY","level":2,"score":0.5597408413887024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158251709","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q354025","display_name":"Intrusion","level":2,"score":0.45230698585510254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137524506","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2247688","display_name":"Anomaly-based intrusion detection system","level":3,"score":0.43285876512527466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.40155029296875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17409809","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161764","display_name":"Geochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3494107.3522773","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3494107.3522773","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 8th ACM on Cyber-Physical System Security Workshop","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2205.09199","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2205.09199","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2205.09199","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:null:publica/434590","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://publica.fraunhofer.de/handle/publica/434590","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400318","display_name":"Fraunhofer-Publica (Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4923324","host_organization_name":"Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4923324"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"conference paper"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2205.09199","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2205.09199","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2205.09199","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5616648368","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EXC-2023 - 390621612","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","funder_display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","ror":"https://ror.org/018mejw64"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1981738628","https://openalex.org/W1985987493","https://openalex.org/W1997037234","https://openalex.org/W2103414007","https://openalex.org/W2146861742","https://openalex.org/W2330650066","https://openalex.org/W2400995703","https://openalex.org/W2481255271","https://openalex.org/W2552129899","https://openalex.org/W2557884485","https://openalex.org/W2753352458","https://openalex.org/W2804946269","https://openalex.org/W2887195793","https://openalex.org/W2890112720","https://openalex.org/W2906881167","https://openalex.org/W2913632136","https://openalex.org/W2947820052","https://openalex.org/W2956917438","https://openalex.org/W2958285686","https://openalex.org/W2966267176","https://openalex.org/W2985870128","https://openalex.org/W2990623250","https://openalex.org/W2995180508","https://openalex.org/W3022218140","https://openalex.org/W3085854806","https://openalex.org/W3088490620","https://openalex.org/W3128416395","https://openalex.org/W3129057775","https://openalex.org/W3134875698","https://openalex.org/W3135977745","https://openalex.org/W3138839836","https://openalex.org/W3164160032","https://openalex.org/W3185006472","https://openalex.org/W3191984229","https://openalex.org/W3196828088","https://openalex.org/W3212815918","https://openalex.org/W4212795178","https://openalex.org/W4230603309"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2337148208","https://openalex.org/W3004832009","https://openalex.org/W3036013726","https://openalex.org/W1971929717","https://openalex.org/W1724519426","https://openalex.org/W2351051591","https://openalex.org/W2369534771","https://openalex.org/W2357468538","https://openalex.org/W1548126107","https://openalex.org/W2209997499"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Anomaly-based":[0],"intrusion":[1,101,123],"detection":[2,46,96,102,155],"promises":[3],"to":[4,41,158,180,186],"detect":[5,187],"novel":[6],"or":[7],"unknown":[8,84,140,152,188],"attacks":[9,65,88,141],"on":[10,38,59,64,83,139,176,183],"industrial":[11,122],"control":[12],"systems":[13],"by":[14],"modeling":[15],"expected":[16],"system":[17],"behavior":[18],"and":[19,34,66,114,130,161],"raising":[20],"corresponding":[21],"alarms":[22],"for":[23,76,136,163,173],"any":[24],"deviations.":[25],"As":[26],"manually":[27],"creating":[28],"these":[29,52],"behavioral":[30],"models":[31],"is":[32],"tedious":[33],"error-prone,":[35],"research":[36,175],"focuses":[37],"machine":[39,99,120,177],"learning":[40],"train":[42],"them":[43],"automatically,":[44],"achieving":[45],"rates":[47,97,156],"upwards":[48],"of":[49,73,98,108,119,166],"99%.":[50],"However,":[51],"approaches":[53,133,179],"are":[54],"typically":[55],"trained":[56,86],"not":[57],"only":[58],"benign":[60],"traffic":[61],"but":[62],"also":[63],"then":[67],"evaluated":[68],"against":[69],"the":[70,93,116],"same":[71],"type":[72],"attack":[74],"used":[75],"training.":[77],"Hence,":[78],"their":[79,137,184],"actual,":[80],"real-world":[81],"performance":[82,138],"(not":[85],"on)":[87],"remains":[89],"unclear.":[90],"In":[91],"turn,":[92],"reported":[94],"near-perfect":[95],"learning-based":[100,121,178],"might":[103],"create":[104],"a":[105],"false":[106],"sense":[107],"security.":[109],"To":[110],"assess":[111],"this":[112],"situation":[113],"clarify":[115],"real":[117],"potential":[118],"detection,":[124],"we":[125,170],"develop":[126],"an":[127,148],"evaluation":[128],"methodology":[129],"examine":[131],"multiple":[132],"from":[134,143],"literature":[135],"(excluded":[142],"training).":[144],"Our":[145],"results":[146],"highlight":[147],"ineffectiveness":[149],"in":[150],"detecting":[151],"attacks,":[153],"with":[154],"dropping":[157],"between":[159],"3.2%":[160],"14.7%":[162],"some":[164],"types":[165],"attacks.":[167,189],"Moving":[168],"forward,":[169],"derive":[171],"recommendations":[172],"further":[174],"ensure":[181],"clarity":[182],"ability":[185]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-04-05T17:49:38.594831","created_date":"2022-05-22T00:00:00"}