{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4225009277","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3493612.3520470","title":"When headers are not there","display_name":"When headers are not there","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-04-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4225009277","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3493612.3520470"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3493612.3520470","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3493612.3520470","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 19th International Web for All Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042546582","display_name":"Jorge Sassaki Resende Silva","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4652-7564"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1315085146","display_name":"Universidade Federal de Lavras","ror":"https://ror.org/0122bmm03","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1315085146"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jorge Sassaki Resende Silva","raw_affiliation_strings":["Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1315085146"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010069811","display_name":"Andr\u00e9 Pimenta Freire","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7894-9740"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1315085146","display_name":"Universidade Federal de Lavras","ror":"https://ror.org/0122bmm03","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1315085146"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andr\u00e9 Pimenta Freire","raw_affiliation_strings":["Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1315085146"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084129216","display_name":"Paula Christina Figueira Cardoso","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3621-8960"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1315085146","display_name":"Universidade Federal de Lavras","ror":"https://ror.org/0122bmm03","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1315085146"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paula Christina Figueira Cardoso","raw_affiliation_strings":["Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1315085146"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.7883,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91859941,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"11"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12481","display_name":"Digital Accessibility for Disabilities","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3307","display_name":"Human Factors and Ergonomics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12481","display_name":"Digital Accessibility for Disabilities","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3307","display_name":"Human Factors and Ergonomics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10914","display_name":"Tactile and Sensory Interactions","score":0.995199978351593,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13629","display_name":"Text Readability and Simplification","score":0.989300012588501,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8942424654960632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grasp","display_name":"GRASP","score":0.8170642852783203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-load","display_name":"Cognitive load","score":0.721436083316803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.49795031547546387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognition","display_name":"Cognition","score":0.4702569246292114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.4140492379665375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.3680897653102875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.22629255056381226}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8942424654960632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171268870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1486676","display_name":"GRASP","level":2,"score":0.8170642852783203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61641136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1107019","display_name":"Cognitive load","level":3,"score":0.721436083316803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.49795031547546387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.4702569246292114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.4140492379665375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.3680897653102875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.22629255056381226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3493612.3520470","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3493612.3520470","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 19th International Web for All Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1185871115","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020/05187-5","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320997","funder_display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320997","display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo","ror":"https://ror.org/02ddkpn78"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322025","display_name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","ror":"https://ror.org/03swz6y49"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322904","display_name":"Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos","ror":"https://ror.org/030w99567"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322980","display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais","ror":"https://ror.org/00nc55f03"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1557074680","https://openalex.org/W1592598395","https://openalex.org/W1828401780","https://openalex.org/W1971887541","https://openalex.org/W1979469248","https://openalex.org/W1985316699","https://openalex.org/W1994587491","https://openalex.org/W1994862647","https://openalex.org/W1994911645","https://openalex.org/W2061639962","https://openalex.org/W2067353701","https://openalex.org/W2094246092","https://openalex.org/W2139042198","https://openalex.org/W2147218516","https://openalex.org/W2272351350","https://openalex.org/W2313144297","https://openalex.org/W2751418808","https://openalex.org/W2765797894","https://openalex.org/W2793659613","https://openalex.org/W2896738489","https://openalex.org/W2898879711","https://openalex.org/W2963341956","https://openalex.org/W2970641574","https://openalex.org/W3100806282","https://openalex.org/W4230750131"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2163296013","https://openalex.org/W2743859443","https://openalex.org/W2326995835","https://openalex.org/W165915117","https://openalex.org/W2059402478","https://openalex.org/W2123347777","https://openalex.org/W4387804363","https://openalex.org/W2019547100","https://openalex.org/W2477150073","https://openalex.org/W2183783065"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Using":[0],"headers":[1,27,54],"to":[2,71,136,138,141,152,156],"grasp":[3],"a":[4,49,73],"document's":[5],"structure":[6],"has":[7],"been":[8],"one":[9],"of":[10,48,124,130,160],"the":[11,44,158],"main":[12],"strategies":[13],"employed":[14],"by":[15,108],"blind":[16,95,171],"users":[17],"on":[18,84],"web":[19,74],"documents":[20],"when":[21,26],"using":[22],"screen":[23,56,98],"readers.":[24],"However,":[25],"are":[28],"not":[29,32],"available":[30],"or":[31],"appropriately":[33],"marked":[34],"up,":[35],"they":[36],"can":[37],"cause":[38],"serious":[39],"difficulties.":[40],"This":[41],"paper":[42],"presents":[43],"design":[45],"and":[46,60,79,96,115,128,166],"evaluation":[47,102],"tool":[50,65],"for":[51,55,170],"automatically":[52,117],"generating":[53],"readers":[57],"with":[58,93,105,110,114],"topicalisation":[59],"labelling":[61],"algorithms.":[62],"The":[63,101,133],"proposed":[64],"uses":[66],"Natural":[67],"Language":[68],"Processing":[69],"techniques":[70],"divide":[72],"document":[75],"into":[76],"topic":[77],"segments":[78],"label":[80],"each":[81],"segment":[82],"based":[83],"its":[85],"content.":[86],"We":[87],"conducted":[88],"an":[89],"initial":[90,149],"user":[91],"study":[92],"eight":[94],"partially-sighted":[97],"reader":[99],"users.":[100,172],"involved":[103],"tasks":[104],"questions":[106],"answered":[107],"participants":[109],"information":[111],"from":[112],"texts":[113],"without":[116],"generated":[118],"headers.":[119],"Results":[120],"provided":[121],"preliminary":[122],"indicators":[123],"improvement":[125],"in":[126,143,163],"performance":[127,165],"reduction":[129],"cognitive":[131,168],"load.":[132],"findings":[134],"contribute":[135],"knowledge":[137],"improve":[139],"tools":[140],"aid":[142],"text":[144],"exploration.":[145],"It":[146],"also":[147],"provides":[148],"empirical":[150],"evidence":[151],"be":[153],"further":[154],"explored":[155],"analyze":[157],"impact":[159],"automatically-generated":[161],"headings":[162],"improving":[164],"reducing":[167],"load":[169]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}