{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4211030967","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3492735","title":"ARES: Persistently Secure Non-Volatile Memory with Processor-transparent and Hardware-friendly Integrity Verification and Metadata Recovery","display_name":"ARES: Persistently Secure Non-Volatile Memory with Processor-transparent and Hardware-friendly Integrity Verification and Metadata Recovery","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4211030967","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3492735"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3492735","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3492735","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S136160450","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems","issn_l":"1539-9087","issn":["1539-9087","1558-3465"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090610227","display_name":"Yu Zou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4541-6638"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106165777","display_name":"University of Central Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/036nfer12","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106165777"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yu Zou","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, US"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, US","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106165777"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038865324","display_name":"Kazi Abu Zubair","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7881-3501"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kazi Abu Zubair","raw_affiliation_strings":["North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, US"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, US","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069539172","display_name":"Mazen Alwadi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8331-1776"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106165777","display_name":"University of Central Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/036nfer12","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106165777"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mazen Alwadi","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, US"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, US","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106165777"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064224697","display_name":"Rakin Muhammad Shadab","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3213-4639"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106165777","display_name":"University of Central Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/036nfer12","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106165777"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rakin Muhammad Shadab","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, US"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, US","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106165777"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040372197","display_name":"Sanjay Gandham","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5819-1773"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106165777","display_name":"University of Central Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/036nfer12","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106165777"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sanjay Gandham","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, US"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, US","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106165777"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017485096","display_name":"Amro Awad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3987-463X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amro Awad","raw_affiliation_strings":["North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, US"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, US","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103089428","display_name":"Mingjie Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8220-962X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106165777","display_name":"University of Central Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/036nfer12","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106165777"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mingjie Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, US"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, US","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106165777"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5090610227"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106165777"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.1936,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81541374,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"1","first_page":"1","last_page":"32"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8826848864555359},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.5815969109535217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cache","display_name":"Cache","score":0.5567702651023865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/merkle-tree","display_name":"Merkle tree","score":0.468205988407135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exploit","display_name":"Exploit","score":0.45116710662841797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.34608232975006104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hash-function","display_name":"Hash function","score":0.3364368677139282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.2550134062767029},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptographic-hash-function","display_name":"Cryptographic hash function","score":0.13953566551208496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.12914550304412842}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8826848864555359},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.5815969109535217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115537543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165596","display_name":"Cache","level":2,"score":0.5567702651023865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205383636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14746","display_name":"Merkle tree","level":4,"score":0.468205988407135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.45116710662841797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.34608232975006104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99138194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183427","display_name":"Hash function","level":2,"score":0.3364368677139282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.2550134062767029},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7608002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q477202","display_name":"Cryptographic hash function","level":3,"score":0.13953566551208496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.12914550304412842}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3492735","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3492735","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S136160450","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems","issn_l":"1539-9087","issn":["1539-9087","1558-3465"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.8899999856948853}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1527341092","https://openalex.org/W1568970091","https://openalex.org/W1639305476","https://openalex.org/W1836039892","https://openalex.org/W2080285432","https://openalex.org/W2108028555","https://openalex.org/W2131284883","https://openalex.org/W2738646871","https://openalex.org/W2762071830","https://openalex.org/W2799162796","https://openalex.org/W2904587030","https://openalex.org/W2939256487","https://openalex.org/W2944873096","https://openalex.org/W2949302312","https://openalex.org/W2951280971","https://openalex.org/W2955786073","https://openalex.org/W2974376487","https://openalex.org/W2979935438","https://openalex.org/W3016572198","https://openalex.org/W3027071396","https://openalex.org/W3082429509","https://openalex.org/W3098066483","https://openalex.org/W3126862463","https://openalex.org/W4206314719","https://openalex.org/W4253795537","https://openalex.org/W4255815639","https://openalex.org/W6712237015"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4288069865","https://openalex.org/W2508834110","https://openalex.org/W2461729295","https://openalex.org/W2942996211","https://openalex.org/W2385617281","https://openalex.org/W3142187282","https://openalex.org/W3012502493","https://openalex.org/W2376871980","https://openalex.org/W2102248224","https://openalex.org/W2364601908"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Emerging":[0],"byte-addressable":[1],"Non-Volatile":[2],"Memory":[3],"(NVM)":[4],"technology,":[5],"although":[6],"promising":[7],"superior":[8],"memory":[9,65],"density":[10],"and":[11,23,35,55,74,87,100,111,133,162,185,196,206,216,241,266,306],"ultra-low":[12],"energy":[13],"consumption,":[14],"poses":[15],"unique":[16],"challenges":[17],"to":[18,32,39,43,79,130,136,159,209,217,225,237,262,303],"achieving":[19,102],"persistent":[20],"data":[21],"privacy":[22],"computing":[24,123],"security,":[25],"both":[26],"of":[27,106,120,248],"which":[28],"are":[29,235,295],"critically":[30],"important":[31],"the":[33,58,117,137,147,198,201,212,227,249,271],"embedded":[34,114,287],"IoT":[36],"applications.":[37],"Specifically,":[38],"successfully":[40],"restore":[41],"NVMs":[42],"their":[44],"working":[45],"states":[46],"after":[47],"unexpected":[48],"system":[49,251],"crashes":[50],"or":[51],"power":[52],"failure,":[53],"maintaining":[54],"recovering":[56],"all":[57,103],"necessary":[59],"security-related":[60,134],"metadata":[61,228,240,275],"can":[62],"severely":[63],"increase":[64],"traffic,":[66],"degrade":[67],"runtime":[68],"performance,":[69],"exacerbate":[70],"write":[71],"endurance":[72],"problem,":[73],"demand":[75],"costly":[76],"hardware":[77,128,139,246,290],"changes":[78,291,294],"off-the-shelf":[80],"processors.":[81],"In":[82,143],"this":[83],"article,":[84],"we":[85,166],"designed":[86,188],"implemented":[88],"ARES,":[89],"a":[90,107,169,176,189,253,300],"new":[91],"FPGA-assisted":[92],"processor-transparent":[93],"security":[94,108],"mechanism":[95],"that":[96,146,174,194,258],"aims":[97],"at":[98],"efficiently":[99],"effectively":[101],"three":[104],"aspects":[105],"triad\u2014confidentiality,":[109],"integrity,":[110],"recoverability\u2014in":[112],"modern":[113],"computing.":[115],"Given":[116],"growing":[118],"prominence":[119],"CPU-FPGA":[121],"heterogeneous":[122],"architectures,":[124],"ARES":[125,250,259],"leverages":[126],"FPGA\u2019s":[127,156],"reconfigurability":[129],"offload":[131],"performance-critical":[132],"functions":[135],"programmable":[138],"without":[140],"microprocessors\u2019":[141],"involvement.":[142],"particular,":[144],"recognizing":[145],"traditional":[148,202],"Merkle":[149,170,191,203,243],"tree":[150,171,192,204],"caching":[151],"scheme":[152,193],"cannot":[153],"fully":[154,210,218],"exploit":[155,211],"parallelism":[157],"due":[158],"its":[160],"sequential":[161],"recursive":[163],"function":[164],"calls,":[165],"(1)":[167],"proposed":[168],"cache":[172,178,214],"architecture":[173],"partitions":[175],"unified":[177],"into":[179],"multiple":[180,231,242],"levels":[181],"with":[182,285],"parallel":[183,213,232],"accesses":[184],"(2)":[186],"further":[187],"novel":[190],"flattened":[195],"reorganized":[197],"computation":[199],"in":[200],"verification":[205],"update":[207],"processes":[208],"ports":[215],"pipeline":[219],"time-consuming":[220],"hashing":[221],"operations.":[222],"Beyond":[223],"that,":[224],"accelerate":[226],"recovery":[229,233,276],"process,":[230],"units":[234],"instantiated":[236],"recover":[238],"counter":[239],"sub-trees.":[244],"Our":[245],"prototype":[247],"on":[252],"Xilinx":[254],"U200":[255],"platform":[256],"shows":[257],"achieved":[260],"up":[261],"1.4\u00d7":[263],"lower":[264],"latency":[265],"2.6\u00d7":[267],"higher":[268],"throughput":[269],"against":[270],"baseline":[272],"implementation,":[273],"while":[274],"time":[277],"was":[278],"shortened":[279],"by":[280],"1.8":[281],"times.":[282],"When":[283],"integrated":[284],"an":[286],"processor,":[288],"neither":[289],"nor":[292],"software":[293],"required.":[296],"We":[297],"also":[298],"developed":[299],"theoretical":[301],"framework":[302],"analytically":[304],"model":[305],"explain":[307],"experimental":[308],"results.":[309]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}