{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4220660149","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3492705","title":"A Format-compatible Searchable Encryption Scheme for JPEG Images Using Bag-of-words","display_name":"A Format-compatible Searchable Encryption Scheme for JPEG Images Using Bag-of-words","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-03-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4220660149","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3492705"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3492705","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3492705","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S19610489","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing Communications and Applications","issn_l":"1551-6857","issn":["1551-6857","1551-6865"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing, Communications, and Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005319671","display_name":"Zhihua Xia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6860-647X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200845125","display_name":"Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02y0rxk19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhihua Xia","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Cyber Security, Jinan University, and Engineering Research Center of Digital Forensics, Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Cyber Security, Jinan University, and Engineering Research Center of Digital Forensics, Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068172325","display_name":"Qiuju Ji","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200845125","display_name":"Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02y0rxk19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qiuju Ji","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101819876","display_name":"Qi Gu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8343-6234"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200845125","display_name":"Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02y0rxk19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qi Gu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050034098","display_name":"Chengsheng Yuan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5323-1297"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200845125","display_name":"Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02y0rxk19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chengsheng Yuan","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024972631","display_name":"Fengjun Xiao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4114-4209"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I50760025","display_name":"Hangzhou Dianzi University","ror":"https://ror.org/0576gt767","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I50760025"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fengjun Xiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hangzhou Dianzi University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hangzhou Dianzi University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I50760025"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.9576,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":21,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87250337,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"3","first_page":"1","last_page":"18"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11017","display_name":"Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8550611138343811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.8017361164093018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/jpeg","display_name":"JPEG","score":0.6167401671409607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/block-cipher","display_name":"Block cipher","score":0.5075596570968628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.503034770488739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/filesystem-level-encryption","display_name":"Filesystem-level encryption","score":0.48607543110847473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stream-cipher","display_name":"Stream cipher","score":0.46510040760040283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.44835126399993896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/block","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","score":0.4385963976383209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/on-the-fly-encryption","display_name":"On-the-fly encryption","score":0.428041011095047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/outsourcing","display_name":"Outsourcing","score":0.4198744297027588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.3853326439857483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.3755338191986084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.3500261902809143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.26122766733169556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.11163988709449768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.07873362302780151}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8550611138343811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.8017361164093018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198751489","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2195","display_name":"JPEG","level":3,"score":0.6167401671409607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106544461","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q543151","display_name":"Block cipher","level":3,"score":0.5075596570968628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.503034770488739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18319499","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5448402","display_name":"Filesystem-level encryption","level":4,"score":0.48607543110847473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92950451","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q864718","display_name":"Stream cipher","level":3,"score":0.46510040760040283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.44835126399993896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777210771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4927124","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","level":2,"score":0.4385963976383209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147977885","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117010","display_name":"On-the-fly encryption","level":3,"score":0.428041011095047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46934059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q61515","display_name":"Outsourcing","level":2,"score":0.4198744297027588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3853326439857483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3755338191986084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.3500261902809143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.26122766733169556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.11163988709449768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.07873362302780151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3492705","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3492705","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S19610489","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing Communications and Applications","issn_l":"1551-6857","issn":["1551-6857","1551-6865"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing, Communications, and Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.4300000071525574,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7990641791","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62122032, 62102189, U1936118, and 61672294","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1519321993","https://openalex.org/W1973393984","https://openalex.org/W2019586918","https://openalex.org/W2055906546","https://openalex.org/W2109868644","https://openalex.org/W2131846894","https://openalex.org/W2135074106","https://openalex.org/W2150692003","https://openalex.org/W2225750049","https://openalex.org/W2294174576","https://openalex.org/W2378756712","https://openalex.org/W2462806717","https://openalex.org/W2469486851","https://openalex.org/W2475121515","https://openalex.org/W2525788160","https://openalex.org/W2568520927","https://openalex.org/W2588718098","https://openalex.org/W2623856551","https://openalex.org/W2800663842","https://openalex.org/W2899235688","https://openalex.org/W2912723187","https://openalex.org/W2933964678","https://openalex.org/W2941724816","https://openalex.org/W2946753373","https://openalex.org/W2960243139","https://openalex.org/W2966988368","https://openalex.org/W3013154982","https://openalex.org/W3016091997","https://openalex.org/W3018550335","https://openalex.org/W3088634412","https://openalex.org/W3096647266","https://openalex.org/W3097384281","https://openalex.org/W3115888984","https://openalex.org/W3119736184","https://openalex.org/W3155554899","https://openalex.org/W3196702778"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4385414763","https://openalex.org/W3159283027","https://openalex.org/W4240313302","https://openalex.org/W3022099831","https://openalex.org/W4315815885","https://openalex.org/W2188413349","https://openalex.org/W2915067502","https://openalex.org/W1484220609","https://openalex.org/W4281389793","https://openalex.org/W652534628"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,165],"development":[1],"of":[2,27,63,171],"cloud":[3,18],"computing":[4],"attracts":[5],"enterprises":[6],"and":[7,107,133,147,176],"individuals":[8],"to":[9,16,40,44,76,155,161],"outsource":[10],"their":[11],"data,":[12],"such":[13,57,116],"as":[14,30],"images,":[15,106],"the":[17,24,46,49,60,64,73,79,102,108,120,126,143,148,157,163,172,177,182],"server.":[19],"However,":[20,55],"direct":[21],"outsourcing":[22],"causes":[23],"extensive":[25],"concern":[26],"privacy":[28,42],"leakage,":[29],"images":[31,47,66,122],"often":[32],"contain":[33],"rich":[34],"sensitive":[35],"information.":[36],"A":[37],"straightforward":[38],"way":[39,59],"protect":[41],"is":[43,99,152],"encrypt":[45],"using":[48],"standard":[50],"cryptographic":[51],"tools":[52],"before":[53],"outsourcing.":[54],"in":[56,94],"a":[58,89,189],"possible":[61],"usage":[62],"outsourced":[65,91],"would":[67],"be":[68,112],"strongly":[69],"limited":[70],"together":[71],"with":[72,188],"services":[74],"provided":[75],"users,":[77],"like":[78],"Content-Based":[80],"Image":[81],"Retrieval":[82],"(CBIR).":[83],"In":[84],"this":[85],"article,":[86],"we":[87],"propose":[88],"secure":[90,109,137],"CBIR":[92],"scheme,":[93],"which":[95],"an":[96],"encryption":[97,168],"scheme":[98,184],"designed":[100],"for":[101],"widely":[103],"used":[104,154],"JPEG-format":[105],"features":[110,160],"can":[111],"directly":[113],"extracted":[114,141],"from":[115,142],"encrypted":[117,124,144,158],"images.":[118],"Specifically,":[119],"JPEG":[121],"are":[123,140],"by":[125],"block":[127],"permutation,":[128,130],"intra-block":[129],"polyalphabetic":[131],"cipher,":[132],"stream":[134],"cipher.":[135],"Then":[136],"local":[138,159],"histograms":[139],"DCT":[145],"blocks":[146],"Bag-Of-Words":[149],"(BOW)":[150],"model":[151],"further":[153],"organize":[156],"represent":[162],"image.":[164],"proposed":[166,183],"image":[167,173],"gets":[169],"all":[170],"data":[174],"protected":[175],"experimental":[178],"results":[179],"show":[180],"that":[181],"achieves":[185],"improved":[186],"accuracy":[187],"small":[190],"file":[191],"size":[192],"expansion.":[193]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}