{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4213428754","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3491247","title":"QIRO: A Static Single Assignment-based Quantum Program Representation for Optimization","display_name":"QIRO: A Static Single Assignment-based Quantum Program Representation for Optimization","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-02-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4213428754","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3491247"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3491247","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3491247","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210170170","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Quantum Computing","issn_l":"2643-6809","issn":["2643-6809","2643-6817"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Quantum Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040253096","display_name":"David Ittah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0975-6448"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35440088","display_name":"ETH Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/05a28rw58","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Ittah","raw_affiliation_strings":["ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0975-6448","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046023611","display_name":"Thomas H\u00e4ner","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1290206253","display_name":"Microsoft (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00d0nc645","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas H\u00e4ner","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft Quantum, Redmond, WA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4297-7878","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft Quantum, Redmond, WA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058089425","display_name":"Vadym Kliuchnikov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7076-5864"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1290206253","display_name":"Microsoft (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00d0nc645","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vadym Kliuchnikov","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft Quantum, Redmond, WA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7076-5864","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft Quantum, Redmond, WA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026990786","display_name":"Torsten Hoefler","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1333-9797"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35440088","display_name":"ETH Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/05a28rw58","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Torsten Hoefler","raw_affiliation_strings":["ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.087,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":23,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88241767,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"3","issue":"3","first_page":"1","last_page":"32"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10020","display_name":"Quantum Information and Cryptography","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.9807999730110168,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dataflow","display_name":"Dataflow","score":0.7240484356880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6979220509529114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum","display_name":"Quantum","score":0.5876630544662476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/qubit","display_name":"Qubit","score":0.5649985074996948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-computer","display_name":"Quantum computer","score":0.5424343943595886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optimization-problem","display_name":"Optimization problem","score":0.48488980531692505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leverage","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","score":0.4468652606010437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-algorithm","display_name":"Quantum algorithm","score":0.4456190764904022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.432190477848053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.42585939168930054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overhead","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","score":0.41118869185447693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/program-optimization","display_name":"Program optimization","score":0.4105803966522217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.30269819498062134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.185756117105484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compiler","display_name":"Compiler","score":0.12477472424507141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.0726255476474762}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96324660","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205446","display_name":"Dataflow","level":2,"score":0.7240484356880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6979220509529114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84114770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344","display_name":"Quantum","level":2,"score":0.5876630544662476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203087015","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q378201","display_name":"Qubit","level":3,"score":0.5649985074996948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58053490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176555","display_name":"Quantum computer","level":3,"score":0.5424343943595886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137836250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q984063","display_name":"Optimization problem","level":2,"score":0.48488980531692505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153083717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6535263","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.4468652606010437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137019171","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2623817","display_name":"Quantum algorithm","level":3,"score":0.4456190764904022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.432190477848053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.42585939168930054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.41118869185447693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139571649","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1156793","display_name":"Program optimization","level":3,"score":0.4105803966522217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.30269819498062134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.185756117105484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169590947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47506","display_name":"Compiler","level":2,"score":0.12477472424507141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0726255476474762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3491247","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3491247","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210170170","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Quantum Computing","issn_l":"2643-6809","issn":["2643-6809","2643-6817"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Quantum Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","score":0.550000011920929}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W315375968","https://openalex.org/W1491178396","https://openalex.org/W1605974080","https://openalex.org/W1975548669","https://openalex.org/W2046826122","https://openalex.org/W2136789229","https://openalex.org/W2150528339","https://openalex.org/W2160347025","https://openalex.org/W2339327743","https://openalex.org/W2349487082","https://openalex.org/W2563269605","https://openalex.org/W2566002283","https://openalex.org/W2765753692","https://openalex.org/W2781738013","https://openalex.org/W2790668893","https://openalex.org/W2796615720","https://openalex.org/W2990961515","https://openalex.org/W3004181536","https://openalex.org/W3010125345","https://openalex.org/W3022840541","https://openalex.org/W3033997567","https://openalex.org/W3045800111","https://openalex.org/W3098397564","https://openalex.org/W3100635076","https://openalex.org/W3100931082","https://openalex.org/W3102773744","https://openalex.org/W3104574688","https://openalex.org/W3108052210","https://openalex.org/W3109045280","https://openalex.org/W3122286897","https://openalex.org/W3184837229","https://openalex.org/W3216273904","https://openalex.org/W4246166885","https://openalex.org/W6931031300","https://openalex.org/W6969089189"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2134613344","https://openalex.org/W2409877639","https://openalex.org/W4388704119","https://openalex.org/W2910123824","https://openalex.org/W4213379151","https://openalex.org/W3206120658","https://openalex.org/W1889203613","https://openalex.org/W4281550036","https://openalex.org/W2035510778","https://openalex.org/W2766195849"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,93,117],"propose":[1],"an":[2],"IR":[3,112],"for":[4,15,24,84,172],"quantum":[5,10,71,99,173],"computing":[6],"that":[7,36,89,125,134],"directly":[8],"exposes":[9],"and":[11,34,66,106],"classical":[12],"data":[13],"dependencies":[14],"the":[16,45,60,74,103,110,114],"purpose":[17],"of":[18,28,87],"optimization.":[19,145],"The":[20],"Quantum":[21],"Intermediate":[22],"Representation":[23],"Optimization":[25],"(QIRO)":[26],"consists":[27],"two":[29],"dialects,":[30],"one":[31,35],"input":[32,104],"dialect":[33,105],"is":[37,155],"specifically":[38],"tailored":[39],"to":[40,69,96,102,108,113,148],"enable":[41],"quantum-classical":[42],"co-optimization.":[43],"While":[44],"first":[46],"employs":[47],"a":[48,85,119,160,169],"perhaps":[49],"more":[50],"intuitive":[51],"memory-semantics":[52],"(quantum":[53],"operations":[54],"act":[55],"on":[56,123],"qubits":[57],"via":[58],"side-effects),":[59],"latter":[61],"uses":[62],"value-semantics":[63],"(operations":[64],"consume":[65],"produce":[67],"states)":[68],"integrate":[70],"dataflow":[72,91],"in":[73,137,164],"IR\u2019s":[75],"Static":[76],"Single":[77],"Assignment":[78],"(SSA)":[79],"graph.":[80],"Crucially,":[81],"this":[82,154,168],"allows":[83],"host":[86],"optimizations":[88],"leverage":[90],"analysis.":[92],"discuss":[94],"how":[95,107],"map":[97],"existing":[98],"programming":[100],"languages":[101],"lower":[109],"resulting":[111],"optimization":[115,129,150,175],"dialect.":[116],"present":[118],"prototype":[120],"implementation":[121],"based":[122],"MLIR":[124],"includes":[126],"several":[127],"quantum-specific":[128],"passes.":[130],"Our":[131],"benchmarks":[132],"show":[133],"significant":[135],"improvements":[136],"resource":[138],"requirements":[139],"are":[140],"possible":[141],"even":[142],"through":[143],"static":[144],"In":[146],"contrast":[147],"circuit":[149],"at":[151,176],"run":[152],"time,":[153,166],"achieved":[156],"while":[157],"incurring":[158],"only":[159],"small":[161],"constant":[162],"overhead":[163],"compilation":[165],"making":[167],"compelling":[170],"approach":[171],"program":[174],"application":[177],"scale.":[178]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2022-02-25T00:00:00"}
