{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4200039962","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3491052","title":"Traffic Refinery","display_name":"Traffic Refinery","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-12-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4200039962","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3491052"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3491052","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3491052","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3491052","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210193547","display_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Measurement and Analysis of Computing Systems","issn_l":"2476-1249","issn":["2476-1249"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Measurement and Analysis of Computing Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3491052","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017386836","display_name":"Francesco Bronzino","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4447-960X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I70900168","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 Savoie Mont Blanc","ror":"https://ror.org/04gqg1a07","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I70900168"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Francesco Bronzino","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universit\u00e9 Savoie Mont Blanc, Annecy-le-Vieux, France"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universit\u00e9 Savoie Mont Blanc, Annecy-le-Vieux, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I70900168"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103057526","display_name":"Paul Schmitt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2156-5305"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paul Schmitt","raw_affiliation_strings":["USC Information Sciences Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"USC Information Sciences Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074686900","display_name":"Sara Ayoubi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8160-4524"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210149358","display_name":"Nokia (France)","ror":"https://ror.org/04kwfkk85","country_code":"FR","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2738502077","https://openalex.org/I4210149358"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sara Ayoubi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nokia Bell Labs, Paris-Saclay, France"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nokia Bell Labs, Paris-Saclay, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210149358"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087603982","display_name":"Hyojoon Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0650-5339"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20089843","display_name":"Princeton University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hx57361","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hyojoon Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058425984","display_name":"Renata Teixeira","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-6996-3502"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1326498283","display_name":"Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies du num\u00e9rique","ror":"https://ror.org/02kvxyf05","country_code":"FR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1326498283"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Renata Teixeira","raw_affiliation_strings":["Inria, Paris, France","Middleware on the Move"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Inria, Paris, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1326498283"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Middleware on the Move","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068586837","display_name":"Nick Feamster","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9315-5201"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39422238","display_name":"University of Illinois Chicago","ror":"https://ror.org/02mpq6x41","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39422238"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40347166","display_name":"University of Chicago","ror":"https://ror.org/024mw5h28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40347166"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nick Feamster","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40347166","https://openalex.org/I39422238"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5017386836"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I70900168"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.1193,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":16,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82854526,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"5","issue":"3","first_page":"1","last_page":"24"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7682887315750122},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/traffic-classification","display_name":"Traffic classification","score":0.6728348731994629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variety","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","score":0.6666975021362305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/traffic-generation-model","display_name":"Traffic generation model","score":0.6103967428207397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.5417329668998718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.5370022654533386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5105384588241577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5091282725334167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.4583513140678406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3805462718009949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality-of-service","display_name":"Quality of service","score":0.21597376465797424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.19525310397148132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.14051371812820435}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7682887315750122},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169988225","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7832484","display_name":"Traffic classification","level":3,"score":0.6728348731994629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136197465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","level":2,"score":0.6666975021362305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176715033","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2080768","display_name":"Traffic generation model","level":2,"score":0.6103967428207397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.5417329668998718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.5370022654533386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5105384588241577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5091282725334167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4583513140678406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3805462718009949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5119721","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220501","display_name":"Quality of service","level":2,"score":0.21597376465797424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.19525310397148132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.14051371812820435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3491052","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3491052","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3491052","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210193547","display_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Measurement and Analysis of Computing Systems","issn_l":"2476-1249","issn":["2476-1249"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Measurement and Analysis of Computing Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3491052","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3491052","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3491052","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210193547","display_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Measurement and Analysis of Computing Systems","issn_l":"2476-1249","issn":["2476-1249"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Measurement and Analysis of Computing Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1393793025","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2126327","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2899151036","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CNS-2124393, CNS-1704077, and CNS-2126327","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3322331532","display_name":"Modeling Modern Network Traffic: From Data Representation to Automated Machine Learning","funder_award_id":"ANR-21-CE94-0001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320883","funder_display_name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6874958292","display_name":"Collaborative Research: CISE-ANR: CNS Core: Small: Modeling Modern Network Traffic: From Data Representation to Automated Machine Learning","funder_award_id":"2124393","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7498633352","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ANR-21-CE94-0001-01","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320883","funder_display_name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8140154989","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1704077","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8395897743","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CNS-1704077","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309327","display_name":"Google","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320316830","display_name":"Comcast","ror":"https://ror.org/00sgxyw28"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320883","display_name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche","ror":"https://ror.org/00rbzpz17"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4200039962.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4200039962.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W40890042","https://openalex.org/W54019231","https://openalex.org/W95608104","https://openalex.org/W405461467","https://openalex.org/W1516506771","https://openalex.org/W1518231592","https://openalex.org/W1541446204","https://openalex.org/W1674877186","https://openalex.org/W1858168446","https://openalex.org/W2010973140","https://openalex.org/W2096118443","https://openalex.org/W2144261930","https://openalex.org/W2146012756","https://openalex.org/W2189162242","https://openalex.org/W2268383675","https://openalex.org/W2487095677","https://openalex.org/W2594018376","https://openalex.org/W2604258491","https://openalex.org/W2606697812","https://openalex.org/W2622055490","https://openalex.org/W2743093301","https://openalex.org/W2743466729","https://openalex.org/W2772317693","https://openalex.org/W2782864149","https://openalex.org/W2789828921","https://openalex.org/W2790600716","https://openalex.org/W2809684781","https://openalex.org/W2834288129","https://openalex.org/W2878215196","https://openalex.org/W2885239699","https://openalex.org/W2898344238","https://openalex.org/W2909559157","https://openalex.org/W2949600091","https://openalex.org/W2955506470","https://openalex.org/W2972544683","https://openalex.org/W3009850146","https://openalex.org/W3047405961","https://openalex.org/W4206137901","https://openalex.org/W4239515884","https://openalex.org/W4253269957"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4301398392","https://openalex.org/W2997818875","https://openalex.org/W4379534844","https://openalex.org/W266939152","https://openalex.org/W2587627203","https://openalex.org/W3178296362","https://openalex.org/W2924962435","https://openalex.org/W3103293871","https://openalex.org/W2393595964","https://openalex.org/W4302774412"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Network":[0],"management":[1,138],"often":[2],"relies":[3,37],"on":[4],"machine":[5,113,202],"learning":[6,114],"to":[7,147,155,194,215,225],"make":[8],"predictions":[9],"about":[10],"performance":[11,115],"and":[12,39,53,65,100,119,144,174,188,211,228],"security":[13],"from":[14],"network":[15,127,137,172,184],"traffic.":[16,128],"Often,":[17],"the":[18,21,27,30,35,40,55,63,79,85,109,120,149,157,163],"representation":[19,41],"of":[20,29,42,67,107,112,123,126,151,165,169,171,198],"traffic":[22,173,185,190],"is":[23],"as":[24,26,49,51],"important":[25],"choice":[28],"model.":[31],"The":[32],"features":[33],"that":[34,102,181],"model":[36,47,56,75,86,117,229,232],"on,":[38],"those":[43],"features,":[44],"ultimately":[45,70],"determine":[46],"accuracy,":[48],"well":[50],"where":[52],"whether":[54],"can":[57],"be":[58],"deployed":[59],"in":[60,87,191],"practice.":[61],"Thus,":[62],"design":[64,209],"evaluation":[66,106],"these":[68,131],"models":[69],"requires":[71],"understanding":[72],"not":[73],"only":[74],"accuracy":[76],"but":[77],"also":[78],"systems":[80,222],"costs":[81,122,223],"associated":[82],"with":[83],"deploying":[84],"an":[88],"operational":[89],"network.":[90],"Towards":[91],"this":[92,94,208],"goal,":[93],"paper":[95],"develops":[96],"a":[97,104,167,178,196],"new":[98],"framework":[99],"system":[101],"enables":[103],"joint":[105],"both":[108,182,206],"conventional":[110],"notions":[111],"(e.g.,":[116],"accuracy)":[118],"systems-level":[121],"different":[124,153,217],"representations":[125,154,170,200,218],"We":[129,161],"highlight":[130],"two":[132,135],"dimensions":[133],"for":[134,201,219],"practical":[136],"tasks,":[139],"video":[140],"streaming":[141],"quality":[142],"inference":[143],"malware":[145],"detection,":[146],"demonstrate":[148,162],"importance":[150],"exploring":[152,166],"find":[156],"appropriate":[158],"operating":[159],"point.":[160],"benefit":[164],"range":[168],"present":[175],"Traffic":[176,204],"Refinery,":[177],"proof-of-concept":[179],"implementation":[180],"monitors":[183],"at":[186],"10~Gbps":[187],"transforms":[189],"real":[192],"time":[193],"produce":[195],"variety":[197],"feature":[199,226],"learning.":[203],"Refinery":[205],"highlights":[207],"space":[210],"makes":[212],"it":[213],"possible":[214],"explore":[216],"learning,":[220],"balancing":[221],"related":[224],"extraction":[227],"training":[230],"against":[231],"accuracy.":[233]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2021-12-31T00:00:00"}