{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3109744225","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3490488","title":"SemMT: A Semantic-Based Testing Approach for Machine Translation Systems","display_name":"SemMT: A Semantic-Based Testing Approach for Machine Translation Systems","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3109744225","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3490488","mag":"3109744225"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3490488","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3490488","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S142627899","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","issn_l":"1049-331X","issn":["1049-331X","1557-7392"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2012.01815","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053372458","display_name":"Jialun Cao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4892-6294"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","display_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q4vv597","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jialun Cao","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4892-6294","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056098400","display_name":"Meiziniu Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5947-4030"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","display_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q4vv597","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Meiziniu Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5947-4030","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037974123","display_name":"Yeting Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0991-4231"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yeting Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0991-4231","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003031253","display_name":"Ming Wen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5588-9618"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ming Wen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5588-9618","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034057959","display_name":"Shing-Chi Cheung","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3508-7172"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","display_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q4vv597","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shing-Chi Cheung","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3508-7172","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101722905","display_name":"Haiming Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2659-4148"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haiming Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2659-4148","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.8978,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":40,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97904352,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"31","issue":"2","first_page":"1","last_page":"36"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9958000183105469,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8540865182876587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-translation","display_name":"Machine translation","score":0.6508910655975342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synchronous-context-free-grammar","display_name":"Synchronous context-free grammar","score":0.619005560874939},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/correctness","display_name":"Correctness","score":0.6088141202926636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.604702353477478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semantic-similarity","display_name":"Semantic similarity","score":0.588915228843689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.559188961982727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/similarity","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","score":0.5561867952346802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semantic-equivalence","display_name":"Semantic equivalence","score":0.5440948605537415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/example-based-machine-translation","display_name":"Example-based machine translation","score":0.49874019622802734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/equivalence","display_name":"Equivalence (formal languages)","score":0.48018065094947815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transfer-based-machine-translation","display_name":"Transfer-based machine translation","score":0.4675544500350952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/edit-distance","display_name":"Edit distance","score":0.46374520659446716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/levenshtein-distance","display_name":"Levenshtein distance","score":0.4571118652820587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rule-based-machine-translation","display_name":"Rule-based machine translation","score":0.4457997679710388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/evaluation-of-machine-translation","display_name":"Evaluation of machine translation","score":0.43532004952430725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-translation-software-usability","display_name":"Machine translation software usability","score":0.26547467708587646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.22755247354507446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semantic-computing","display_name":"Semantic computing","score":0.13269048929214478}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8540865182876587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203005215","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79798","display_name":"Machine translation","level":2,"score":0.6508910655975342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51802942","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7662211","display_name":"Synchronous context-free grammar","level":4,"score":0.619005560874939},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55439883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q360812","display_name":"Correctness","level":2,"score":0.6088141202926636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.604702353477478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130318100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2268914","display_name":"Semantic similarity","level":2,"score":0.588915228843689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.559188961982727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103278499","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254465","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","level":3,"score":0.5561867952346802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37926939","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7449061","display_name":"Semantic equivalence","level":4,"score":0.5440948605537415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24687705","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3753284","display_name":"Example-based machine translation","level":3,"score":0.49874019622802734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780069185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7977945","display_name":"Equivalence (formal languages)","level":2,"score":0.48018065094947815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130597682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6961922","display_name":"Transfer-based machine translation","level":4,"score":0.4675544500350952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44359876","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5338467","display_name":"Edit distance","level":2,"score":0.46374520659446716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777515626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q496939","display_name":"Levenshtein distance","level":2,"score":0.4571118652820587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53893814","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7378909","display_name":"Rule-based machine translation","level":2,"score":0.4457997679710388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135784402","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6958279","display_name":"Evaluation of machine translation","level":5,"score":0.43532004952430725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148526163","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6723733","display_name":"Machine translation software usability","level":4,"score":0.26547467708587646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.22755247354507446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C511149849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7449051","display_name":"Semantic computing","level":3,"score":0.13269048929214478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2129575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q54837","display_name":"Semantic Web","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3490488","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3490488","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S142627899","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","issn_l":"1049-331X","issn":["1049-331X","1557-7392"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2012.01815","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2012.01815","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2012.01815","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.hkust.edu.hk:1783.1-117986","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://gateway.isiknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS&KeyUT=000799199600018","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401796","display_name":"Rare & Special e-Zone (The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","host_organization_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2012.01815","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2012.01815","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2012.01815","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.6000000238418579,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1888249465","display_name":"\u81ea\u6210\u957f\u590d\u6742\u8f6f\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u6784\u5efa\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e0e\u8fd0\u884c\u652f\u6491\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"61932021","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":104,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W22168010","https://openalex.org/W24471203","https://openalex.org/W95780973","https://openalex.org/W630532510","https://openalex.org/W1501302028","https://openalex.org/W1505906253","https://openalex.org/W1516197069","https://openalex.org/W1569403765","https://openalex.org/W1590665977","https://openalex.org/W1601637950","https://openalex.org/W1836793741","https://openalex.org/W1945616565","https://openalex.org/W1978998215","https://openalex.org/W1980936870","https://openalex.org/W1985602891","https://openalex.org/W1992015595","https://openalex.org/W1995875735","https://openalex.org/W1998314653","https://openalex.org/W1999540660","https://openalex.org/W2002089154","https://openalex.org/W2003250112","https://openalex.org/W2017473312","https://openalex.org/W2020841939","https://openalex.org/W2027484200","https://openalex.org/W2034636319","https://openalex.org/W2045275585","https://openalex.org/W2047303298","https://openalex.org/W2048953720","https://openalex.org/W2063985934","https://openalex.org/W2083390201","https://openalex.org/W2096598900","https://openalex.org/W2101105183","https://openalex.org/W2103940696","https://openalex.org/W2126267628","https://openalex.org/W2131011442","https://openalex.org/W2149327368","https://openalex.org/W2152311128","https://openalex.org/W2157260510","https://openalex.org/W2175619924","https://openalex.org/W2222445509","https://openalex.org/W2250342921","https://openalex.org/W2250861254","https://openalex.org/W2293505944","https://openalex.org/W2412947200","https://openalex.org/W2460699391","https://openalex.org/W2560674852","https://openalex.org/W2569219525","https://openalex.org/W2608787653","https://openalex.org/W2739351760","https://openalex.org/W2741609678","https://openalex.org/W2766108848","https://openalex.org/W2767899794","https://openalex.org/W2782311202","https://openalex.org/W2788330850","https://openalex.org/W2794670651","https://openalex.org/W2799915114","https://openalex.org/W2810169973","https://openalex.org/W2811010710","https://openalex.org/W2886829407","https://openalex.org/W2887312980","https://openalex.org/W2888159079","https://openalex.org/W2890260889","https://openalex.org/W2896457183","https://openalex.org/W2898674000","https://openalex.org/W2907879020","https://openalex.org/W2950268498","https://openalex.org/W2952446148","https://openalex.org/W2953287808","https://openalex.org/W2962678860","https://openalex.org/W2962713901","https://openalex.org/W2963207607","https://openalex.org/W2963341956","https://openalex.org/W2963661177","https://openalex.org/W2963829526","https://openalex.org/W2964284687","https://openalex.org/W2969499518","https://openalex.org/W2970641574","https://openalex.org/W2970908867","https://openalex.org/W2970986500","https://openalex.org/W2971034829","https://openalex.org/W2971120958","https://openalex.org/W3000250989","https://openalex.org/W3008797115","https://openalex.org/W3021299983","https://openalex.org/W3033889389","https://openalex.org/W3035408261","https://openalex.org/W3037110637","https://openalex.org/W3037408372","https://openalex.org/W3090623329","https://openalex.org/W3090988182","https://openalex.org/W3091407209","https://openalex.org/W3098487628","https://openalex.org/W3099023595","https://openalex.org/W3100869665","https://openalex.org/W3104033643","https://openalex.org/W3135097568","https://openalex.org/W3167892537","https://openalex.org/W4211034781","https://openalex.org/W4230845408","https://openalex.org/W4236828747","https://openalex.org/W4246122894","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W4302339081","https://openalex.org/W4303105513"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2962780935","https://openalex.org/W3204448004","https://openalex.org/W4312364893","https://openalex.org/W2566847733","https://openalex.org/W2532807140","https://openalex.org/W2596454883","https://openalex.org/W193726211","https://openalex.org/W4321010057","https://openalex.org/W2122287718","https://openalex.org/W2740094425"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Machine":[0],"translation":[1,17,35,65,104,114],"has":[2],"wide":[3],"applications":[4,10],"in":[5,92,138,171,232],"daily":[6],"life.":[7],"In":[8],"mission-critical":[9],"such":[11],"as":[12],"translating":[13],"official":[14],"documents,":[15],"incorrect":[16],"can":[18,140,156],"have":[19,81],"unpleasant":[20],"or":[21,52],"sometimes":[22],"catastrophic":[23],"consequences.":[24],"This":[25],"motivates":[26],"recent":[27],"research":[28],"on":[29,41,107,203],"the":[30,46,62,75,78,82,117,121,124,131,160,182,211,216,229],"testing":[31,100,179],"methodologies":[32,38],"for":[33,102,238],"machine":[34,103],"systems.":[36],"Existing":[37],"mostly":[39],"rely":[40],"metamorphic":[42,69],"relations":[43,70,135],"designed":[44],"at":[45],"textual":[47],"level":[48,54],"(e.g.,":[49,55],"Levenshtein":[50],"distance)":[51],"syntactic":[53],"distance":[56],"between":[57,120],"grammar":[58],"structures)":[59],"to":[60,227],"determine":[61],"correctness":[63],"of":[64,184,199,213],"results.":[66],"However,":[67],"these":[68],"do":[71],"not":[72],"consider":[73],"whether":[74],"original":[76,122],"and":[77,115,123,136,168,201,205],"translated":[79,125],"sentences":[80,139],"same":[83],"meaning":[84],"(i.e.,":[85],"semantic":[86,108,118,152,165],"similarity).":[87],"To":[88],"address":[89],"this":[90,93],"problem,":[91],"article":[94],"we":[95,162,223],"propose":[96,163],"SemMT,":[97],"an":[98,197],"automatic":[99],"approach":[101],"systems":[105],"based":[106],"similarity":[109,119,166],"checking.":[110],"SemMT":[111,175,192],"applies":[112],"round-trip":[113,233],"measures":[116],"sentences.":[126],"Our":[127],"insight":[128],"is":[129],"that":[130,191],"semantics":[132],"concerning":[133],"logical":[134],"quantifiers":[137],"be":[141,157],"captured":[142],"by":[143,218],"regular":[144],"expressions":[145],"(or":[146],"deterministic":[147],"finite":[148],"automata)":[149],"where":[150],"efficient":[151],"equivalence/similarity":[153],"checking":[154],"algorithms":[155],"applied.":[158],"Leveraging":[159],"insight,":[161],"three":[164],"metrics":[167],"implement":[169],"them":[170],"SemMT.":[172],"We":[173,208],"compared":[174],"with":[176],"related":[177],"state-of-the-art":[178],"techniques,":[180],"demonstrating":[181],"effectiveness":[183],"mistranslation":[185],"detection.":[186],"The":[187],"experiment":[188],"results":[189],"show":[190],"outperforms":[193],"existing":[194],"metrics,":[195],"achieving":[196],"increase":[198],"34.2%":[200],"15.4%":[202],"accuracy":[204],"F-score,":[206],"respectively.":[207],"also":[209],"study":[210],"possibility":[212],"further":[214],"enhancing":[215],"performance":[217],"combining":[219],"various":[220],"metrics.":[221],"Finally,":[222],"discuss":[224],"a":[225],"solution":[226],"locate":[228],"suspicious":[230],"trip":[231],"translation,":[234],"which":[235],"provides":[236],"hints":[237],"bug":[239],"diagnosis.":[240]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-08-26T07:47:46.906454","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
