{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4226352527","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3490486.3538304","title":"Is Selling Complete Information (Approximately) Optimal?","display_name":"Is Selling Complete Information (Approximately) Optimal?","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-07-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4226352527","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3490486.3538304"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3490486.3538304","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3490486.3538304","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3490486.3538304","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608973","display_name":"Proceedings of the 23rd ACM Conference on Economics and Computation","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 23rd ACM Conference on Economics and Computation","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3490486.3538304","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003919163","display_name":"Dirk Bergemann","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2759-6962"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32971472","display_name":"Yale University","ror":"https://ror.org/03v76x132","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dirk Bergemann","raw_affiliation_strings":["Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102877899","display_name":"Yang Cai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5426-1324"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32971472","display_name":"Yale University","ror":"https://ror.org/03v76x132","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang Cai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031659489","display_name":"Grigoris Velegkas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7148-0548"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32971472","display_name":"Yale University","ror":"https://ror.org/03v76x132","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Grigoris Velegkas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101847124","display_name":"Mingfei Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3885-2861"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mingfei Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google Research, Mountain View, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google Research, Mountain View, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.05082054,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"608","last_page":"663"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11182","display_name":"Auction Theory and Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11182","display_name":"Auction Theory and Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11161","display_name":"Consumer Market Behavior and Pricing","score":0.9957000017166138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1406","display_name":"Marketing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11031","display_name":"Game Theory and Applications","score":0.9919999837875366,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/corollary","display_name":"Corollary","score":0.6499618887901306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/upper-and-lower-bounds","display_name":"Upper and lower bounds","score":0.6013368368148804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/revenue","display_name":"Revenue","score":0.5977619886398315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5952239632606506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-number","display_name":"Binary number","score":0.5894569754600525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/complete-information","display_name":"Complete information","score":0.543465793132782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/characterization","display_name":"Characterization (materials science)","score":0.5387760996818542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bayesian-probability","display_name":"Bayesian probability","score":0.5138583183288574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stochastic-game","display_name":"Stochastic game","score":0.5018904209136963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanism-design","display_name":"Mechanism design","score":0.4518529772758484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blocking","display_name":"Blocking (statistics)","score":0.4471295177936554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state","display_name":"State (computer science)","score":0.431166410446167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.3738711476325989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-economics","display_name":"Mathematical economics","score":0.35036367177963257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.3194812536239624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.2283540964126587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.22575250267982483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discrete-mathematics","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","score":0.15243545174598694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.09951335191726685}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780012671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1343870","display_name":"Corollary","level":2,"score":0.6499618887901306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77553402","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13222579","display_name":"Upper and lower bounds","level":2,"score":0.6013368368148804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195487862","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q850210","display_name":"Revenue","level":2,"score":0.5977619886398315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5952239632606506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48372109","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3913","display_name":"Binary number","level":2,"score":0.5894569754600525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113336015","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q574010","display_name":"Complete information","level":2,"score":0.543465793132782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780841128","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5073781","display_name":"Characterization (materials science)","level":2,"score":0.5387760996818542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107673813","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q812534","display_name":"Bayesian probability","level":2,"score":0.5138583183288574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22171661","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074380","display_name":"Stochastic game","level":2,"score":0.5018904209136963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153517567","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26090","display_name":"Mechanism design","level":2,"score":0.4518529772758484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144745244","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4927286","display_name":"Blocking (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.4471295177936554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.431166410446167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.3738711476325989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144237770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q747534","display_name":"Mathematical economics","level":1,"score":0.35036367177963257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3194812536239624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.2283540964126587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.22575250267982483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118615104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121416","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","level":1,"score":0.15243545174598694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.09951335191726685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121955636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4116214","display_name":"Accounting","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171250308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468","display_name":"Nanotechnology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3490486.3538304","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3490486.3538304","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3490486.3538304","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608973","display_name":"Proceedings of the 23rd ACM Conference on Economics and Computation","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 23rd ACM Conference on Economics and Computation","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:cwl:cwldpp:2324","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3490486.3538304","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3490486.3538304","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3490486.3538304","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608973","display_name":"Proceedings of the 23rd ACM Conference on Economics and Computation","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 23rd ACM Conference on Economics and Computation","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.699999988079071,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2776866336","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"SES-1948692,CCF-1942583","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G386075326","display_name":"CAREER: Towards a Robust Theory of Mechanism Design","funder_award_id":"1942583","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4140470877","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CCF-1942583","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6671297155","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CAREER","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7428903779","display_name":"Collaborative Research: The economics of social data","funder_award_id":"1948692","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306151","display_name":"Alfred P. Sloan Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/052csg198"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320308380","display_name":"Yale University","ror":"https://ror.org/03v76x132"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321457","display_name":"Bodossaki Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/04qajcj06"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323220","display_name":"Alexander S. Onassis Public Benefit Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/017nq0d63"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4226352527.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4226352527.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W385466589","https://openalex.org/W1480714962","https://openalex.org/W1534416612","https://openalex.org/W1977080355","https://openalex.org/W2029050771","https://openalex.org/W2067758411","https://openalex.org/W2078818092","https://openalex.org/W2088970293","https://openalex.org/W2121924506","https://openalex.org/W2477759183","https://openalex.org/W2549743857","https://openalex.org/W2617513782","https://openalex.org/W2714873273","https://openalex.org/W2801728724","https://openalex.org/W2965052587","https://openalex.org/W3002533620","https://openalex.org/W3082187607","https://openalex.org/W3124157455","https://openalex.org/W3125573257","https://openalex.org/W3135849243","https://openalex.org/W3135981765","https://openalex.org/W3137405096","https://openalex.org/W4243417153","https://openalex.org/W4254539327","https://openalex.org/W4298264812","https://openalex.org/W4396738198"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2088463338","https://openalex.org/W3122900203","https://openalex.org/W2097540415","https://openalex.org/W3201844718","https://openalex.org/W1497602759","https://openalex.org/W2121412750","https://openalex.org/W3123666767","https://openalex.org/W1577411586","https://openalex.org/W3124523075","https://openalex.org/W2031294154"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,17,218],"study":[1,124],"the":[2,19,28,36,40,49,52,67,92,110,126,132,137,150,156,163,183,186,195,207,210,214,228,233],"problem":[3,14],"of":[4,39,51,78,91,177,185,197,209],"selling":[5,154,226],"information":[6,34,47,55],"to":[7,63,149,169],"a":[8,12,76,88,96,221],"data-buyer":[9],"who":[10],"faces":[11],"decision":[13],"under":[15,224],"uncertainty.":[16],"consider":[18,119],"classic":[20],"Bayesian":[21],"decision-theoretic":[22],"model":[23],"pioneered":[24],"by":[25,83,153],"Blackwell.":[26],"Initially,":[27],"data":[29,43],"buyer":[30],"has":[31],"only":[32,130,155,227],"partial":[33],"about":[35,48],"payoff-relevant":[37],"state":[38,50,98,141],"world.":[41,53],"A":[42,80],"seller":[44],"offers":[45],"additional":[46],"The":[54],"is":[56,107,166,181],"revealed":[57],"through":[58],"signaling":[59],"schemes,":[60],"also":[61,219],"referred":[62],"as":[64,75],"experiments.":[65,79],"In":[66,115,136],"single-agent":[68],"setting,":[69],"any":[70],"mechanism":[71,94],"can":[72],"be":[73],"represented":[74],"menu":[77,188,212],"recent":[81],"paper":[82],"Bergemann":[84],"et":[85],"al.[8]":[86],"present":[87],"complete":[89],"characterization":[90,106],"revenue-optimal":[93],"in":[95,194,213],"binary":[97,100,140],"and":[99,123,142,160],"action":[101],"environment.":[102],"By":[103],"contrast,":[104],"no":[105,201],"known":[108],"for":[109,206],"case":[111],"with":[112,139],"more":[113,120],"actions.":[114],"this":[116],"paper,":[117],"we":[118,145],"general":[121,215],"environments":[122],"arguably":[125],"simplest":[127],"mechanism,":[128],"which":[129,225],"sells":[131],"fully":[133,157,229],"informative":[134,158,230],"experiment.":[135],"environment":[138],"m\u22653":[143],"actions,":[144,199],"provide":[146,220],"an":[147,170],"$O(m)$-approximation":[148],"optimal":[151,187,211,234],"revenue":[152],"experiment":[159,231],"show":[161],"that":[162,182],"approximation":[164],"ratio":[165],"tight":[167],"up":[168],"absolute":[171],"constant":[172],"factor.":[173],"An":[174],"important":[175],"corollary":[176],"our":[178],"lower":[179],"bound":[180,204],"size":[184,208],"must":[189],"grow":[190],"at":[191],"least":[192],"linearly":[193],"number":[196],"available":[198],"so":[200],"universal":[202],"upper":[203],"exists":[205],"single-dimensional":[216],"setting.":[217],"sufficient":[222],"condition":[223],"achieves":[232],"revenue.":[235]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}