{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2972116685","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3490486.3538248","title":"Bias-Variance Games","display_name":"Bias-Variance Games","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-07-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2972116685","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3490486.3538248","mag":"2972116685"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3490486.3538248","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3490486.3538248","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608973","display_name":"Proceedings of the 23rd ACM Conference on Economics and Computation","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 23rd ACM Conference on Economics and Computation","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1909.03618","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041757714","display_name":"Yiding Feng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8258-6994"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4400600948","display_name":"Microsoft Research New England (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/010wkqn50","country_code":null,"type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253","https://openalex.org/I4400600948"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1290206253","display_name":"Microsoft (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00d0nc645","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yiding Feng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft Research New England, Cambridge, MA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft Research New England, Cambridge, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253","https://openalex.org/I4400600948"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072432783","display_name":"Ronen Gradwohl","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6332-641X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52170813","display_name":"Ariel University","ror":"https://ror.org/03nz8qe97","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52170813"]}],"countries":["IL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ronen Gradwohl","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ariel University, Ariel, Israel"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ariel University, Ariel, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52170813"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089749790","display_name":"Jason D. Hartline","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5505-6819"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111979921","display_name":"Northwestern University","ror":"https://ror.org/000e0be47","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jason Hartline","raw_affiliation_strings":["Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113953969","display_name":"Aleck C. Johnsen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111979921","display_name":"Northwestern University","ror":"https://ror.org/000e0be47","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aleck Johnsen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015797025","display_name":"Denis Nekipelov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4734-265X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51556381","display_name":"University of Virginia","ror":"https://ror.org/0153tk833","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Denis Nekipelov","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5041757714"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253","https://openalex.org/I4400600948"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.2581,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.33333333,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"328","last_page":"329"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11182","display_name":"Auction Theory and Applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11182","display_name":"Auction Theory and Applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11031","display_name":"Game Theory and Applications","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11161","display_name":"Consumer Market Behavior and Pricing","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1406","display_name":"Marketing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variance","display_name":"Variance (accounting)","score":0.8605227470397949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/competition","display_name":"Competition (biology)","score":0.702060878276825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5751898288726807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resolution","display_name":"Resolution (logic)","score":0.5115585923194885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nash-equilibrium","display_name":"Nash equilibrium","score":0.4244515895843506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microeconomics","display_name":"Microeconomics","score":0.3968472480773926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/econometrics","display_name":"Econometrics","score":0.39067697525024414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.3265838623046875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.22206473350524902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/accounting","display_name":"Accounting","score":0.06927433609962463}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196083921","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7915758","display_name":"Variance (accounting)","level":2,"score":0.8605227470397949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91306197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45767","display_name":"Competition (biology)","level":2,"score":0.702060878276825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5751898288726807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138268822","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1051925","display_name":"Resolution (logic)","level":2,"score":0.5115585923194885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46814582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23389","display_name":"Nash equilibrium","level":2,"score":0.4244515895843506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.3968472480773926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.39067697525024414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.3265838623046875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.22206473350524902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121955636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4116214","display_name":"Accounting","level":1,"score":0.06927433609962463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3490486.3538248","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3490486.3538248","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608973","display_name":"Proceedings of the 23rd ACM Conference on Economics and Computation","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 23rd ACM Conference on Economics and Computation","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1909.03618","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1909.03618","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1909.03618","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:2972116685","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1909.03618.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.hkust.edu.hk:1783.1-141774","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://repository.hkust.edu.hk/ir/Record/1783.1-141774","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401796","display_name":"Rare & Special e-Zone (The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","host_organization_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Conference paper"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.1909.03618","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1909.03618","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1909.03618","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1909.03618","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1909.03618","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3532420109","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1618502,1718670","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":5,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2023320048","https://openalex.org/W2293140407","https://openalex.org/W2751679934","https://openalex.org/W2806728851","https://openalex.org/W2962789114"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3010984475","https://openalex.org/W3209267149","https://openalex.org/W3124109026","https://openalex.org/W2492840208","https://openalex.org/W2017478459","https://openalex.org/W2111356430","https://openalex.org/W3013810533","https://openalex.org/W2077486054","https://openalex.org/W1999377152","https://openalex.org/W2186741407","https://openalex.org/W3122142027","https://openalex.org/W3121326953","https://openalex.org/W3200889068","https://openalex.org/W1965867428","https://openalex.org/W2515106970","https://openalex.org/W3150856088","https://openalex.org/W2768489243","https://openalex.org/W2753333899","https://openalex.org/W1543514006","https://openalex.org/W3087931635"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Firms":[0],"engaged":[1],"in":[2,42],"electronic":[3],"commerce":[4],"increasingly":[5],"rely":[6],"on":[7],"predictive":[8,94],"analytics":[9],"via":[10],"machine-learning":[11],"algorithms":[12,28,77],"to":[13,52,111,115,120,152,167,180],"drive":[14],"a":[15,79,146,181],"wide":[16],"array":[17],"of":[18,23,48,62,72,93,126],"managerial":[19],"decisions.":[20],"The":[21,46],"tuning":[22],"many":[24],"standard":[25],"machine":[26],"learning":[27,76],"can":[29,136,149],"be":[30,150],"understood":[31],"as":[32,78],"trading":[33],"off":[34],"bias":[35],"(i.e.,":[36,40],"accuracy)":[37],"with":[38,107],"variance":[39,116],"precision)":[41],"the":[43,70,91,124,142],"algorithm's":[44],"predictions.":[45],"goal":[47],"this":[49,66],"paper":[50],"is":[51,105],"understand":[53],"how":[54],"competition":[55,135],"between":[56],"firms":[57,74],"affects":[58],"their":[59],"strategic":[60],"choice":[61],"such":[63,160],"algorithms.":[64],"To":[65],"end,":[67],"we":[68,132,155,171],"model":[69],"interaction":[71],"two":[73],"choosing":[75],"game":[80],"and":[81,96],"analyze":[82],"its":[83,98],"equilibria.":[84],"Absent":[85],"competition,":[86,108],"players":[87,109],"care":[88],"only":[89],"about":[90],"magnitude":[92],"error":[95,113,143],"not":[97,163],"source.":[99],"In":[100,130,165],"contrast,":[101],"our":[102,168,174,178],"main":[103],"result":[104],"that":[106,134,153],"prefer":[110],"incur":[112],"due":[114,119],"rather":[117],"than":[118],"bias,":[121],"even":[122],"at":[123],"cost":[125],"higher":[127],"total":[128],"error.":[129],"addition,":[131],"show":[133],"have":[137],"counterintuitive":[138],"implications---for":[139],"example,":[140],"reducing":[141],"incurred":[144],"by":[145,176],"firm's":[147],"algorithm":[148],"harmful":[151],"firm---but":[154],"provide":[156],"conditions":[157],"under":[158],"which":[159],"phenomena":[161],"do":[162],"occur.":[164],"addition":[166],"theoretical":[169],"analysis,":[170],"also":[172],"validate":[173],"insights":[175],"applying":[177],"metrics":[179],"publicly":[182],"available":[183],"data":[184],"set.":[185]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
