{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3216665393","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3490462","title":"How Members of Covert Networks Conceal the Identities of Their Leaders","display_name":"How Members of Covert Networks Conceal the Identities of Their Leaders","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-11-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3216665393","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3490462","mag":"3216665393"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3490462","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3490462","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2492086750","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Intelligent Systems and Technology","issn_l":"2157-6904","issn":["2157-6904","2157-6912"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Intelligent Systems and Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053311835","display_name":"Marcin Waniek","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2864-6909"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4654613","display_name":"University of Warsaw","ror":"https://ror.org/039bjqg32","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4654613"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marcin Waniek","raw_affiliation_strings":["New York University Abu Dhabi, and University of Warsaw, Banacha, Warsaw, Poland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2864-6909","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"New York University Abu Dhabi, and University of Warsaw, Banacha, Warsaw, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4654613"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025396810","display_name":"Tomasz Michalak","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5288-0324"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4654613","display_name":"University of Warsaw","ror":"https://ror.org/039bjqg32","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4654613"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tomasz P. Michalak","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Warsaw, Banacha, Warsaw, Poland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Warsaw, Banacha, Warsaw, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4654613"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065393757","display_name":"Michael Wooldridge","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9329-8410"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","display_name":"University of Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/052gg0110","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Wooldridge","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Oxford, Oxford, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Oxford, Oxford, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007282319","display_name":"Talal Rahwan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0070-0667"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Talal Rahwan","raw_affiliation_strings":["New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, UAE"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, UAE","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.082,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84508456,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"1","first_page":"1","last_page":"29"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11838","display_name":"Crime, Illicit Activities, and Governance","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11838","display_name":"Crime, Illicit Activities, and Governance","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10574","display_name":"Crime Patterns and Interventions","score":0.9950000047683716,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10064","display_name":"Complex Network Analysis Techniques","score":0.9927999973297119,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3109","display_name":"Statistical and Nonlinear Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/betweenness-centrality","display_name":"Betweenness centrality","score":0.9439659118652344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/centrality","display_name":"Centrality","score":0.9189590811729431},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covert","display_name":"Covert","score":0.8648935556411743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7693850994110107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/closeness","display_name":"Closeness","score":0.6670254468917847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/construct","display_name":"Construct (python library)","score":0.6664994955062866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ranking","display_name":"Ranking (information retrieval)","score":0.629165530204773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.5868611335754395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perspective","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","score":0.48834988474845886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-science","display_name":"Network science","score":0.46580013632774353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/katz-centrality","display_name":"Katz centrality","score":0.46105897426605225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-analysis","display_name":"Network analysis","score":0.4572775363922119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-network-analysis","display_name":"Social network analysis","score":0.4469105005264282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.4453733563423157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-theory","display_name":"Network theory","score":0.4234999418258667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.3884057402610779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.35616669058799744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.27227863669395447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/complex-network","display_name":"Complex network","score":0.2695181965827942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.14422547817230225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.10517576336860657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.08941662311553955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-media","display_name":"Social media","score":0.06983652710914612}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117045392","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4899215","display_name":"Betweenness centrality","level":3,"score":0.9439659118652344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53811970","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5062194","display_name":"Centrality","level":2,"score":0.9189590811729431},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779338814","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5179285","display_name":"Covert","level":2,"score":0.8648935556411743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7693850994110107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779545769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5135364","display_name":"Closeness","level":2,"score":0.6670254468917847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780801425","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164392","display_name":"Construct (python library)","level":2,"score":0.6664994955062866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189430467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7293293","display_name":"Ranking (information retrieval)","level":2,"score":0.629165530204773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.5868611335754395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.48834988474845886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137753397","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2434424","display_name":"Network science","level":3,"score":0.46580013632774353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131349576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6378571","display_name":"Katz centrality","level":4,"score":0.46105897426605225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32946077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q618079","display_name":"Network analysis","level":2,"score":0.4572775363922119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114713312","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7551269","display_name":"Social network analysis","level":3,"score":0.4469105005264282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.4453733563423157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11804174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192971","display_name":"Network theory","level":2,"score":0.4234999418258667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.3884057402610779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.35616669058799744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.27227863669395447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34947359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q665189","display_name":"Complex network","level":2,"score":0.2695181965827942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.14422547817230225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.10517576336860657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.08941662311553955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C518677369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202833","display_name":"Social media","level":2,"score":0.06983652710914612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3490462","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3490462","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2492086750","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Intelligent Systems and Technology","issn_l":"2157-6904","issn":["2157-6904","2157-6912"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Intelligent Systems and Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ora.ox.ac.uk:uuid:e944c955-68a5-47d1-a7c9-a36991b1c86a","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:e944c955-68a5-47d1-a7c9-a36991b1c86a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402636","display_name":"Oxford University Research Archive (ORA) (University of Oxford)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","host_organization_name":"University of Oxford","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Symplectic Elements","raw_type":"Journal article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G308436661","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2015/17/N/ST6/03686","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322511","funder_display_name":"Narodowe Centrum Nauki"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7078602767","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2016/23/B/ST6/03599 and 2014/13/B/ST6/01807","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322511","funder_display_name":"Narodowe Centrum Nauki"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322511","display_name":"Narodowe Centrum Nauki","ror":"https://ror.org/03ha2q922"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":66,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W266279384","https://openalex.org/W815720198","https://openalex.org/W1543143196","https://openalex.org/W1574259696","https://openalex.org/W1588179859","https://openalex.org/W1596882834","https://openalex.org/W1843000157","https://openalex.org/W1903894141","https://openalex.org/W1964409641","https://openalex.org/W1971937094","https://openalex.org/W1990743511","https://openalex.org/W1999634786","https://openalex.org/W2002039869","https://openalex.org/W2008620264","https://openalex.org/W2011477904","https://openalex.org/W2016357603","https://openalex.org/W2018274507","https://openalex.org/W2044471216","https://openalex.org/W2047237187","https://openalex.org/W2050587928","https://openalex.org/W2056944867","https://openalex.org/W2061820396","https://openalex.org/W2064849124","https://openalex.org/W2065769502","https://openalex.org/W2084149308","https://openalex.org/W2086236971","https://openalex.org/W2087194317","https://openalex.org/W2088022964","https://openalex.org/W2091346122","https://openalex.org/W2095577883","https://openalex.org/W2097860933","https://openalex.org/W2101238948","https://openalex.org/W2112090702","https://openalex.org/W2112621362","https://openalex.org/W2138621811","https://openalex.org/W2141840866","https://openalex.org/W2148050869","https://openalex.org/W2187996512","https://openalex.org/W2208644520","https://openalex.org/W2333916314","https://openalex.org/W2492695942","https://openalex.org/W2526276218","https://openalex.org/W2735169938","https://openalex.org/W2744095836","https://openalex.org/W2765366179","https://openalex.org/W2765424254","https://openalex.org/W2798302089","https://openalex.org/W2800428467","https://openalex.org/W2890492386","https://openalex.org/W2949208225","https://openalex.org/W2965653989","https://openalex.org/W2967092501","https://openalex.org/W2969374078","https://openalex.org/W2969838812","https://openalex.org/W2984488829","https://openalex.org/W2997734275","https://openalex.org/W3018604818","https://openalex.org/W3101158652","https://openalex.org/W3102501663","https://openalex.org/W3103071483","https://openalex.org/W3103557498","https://openalex.org/W3123607850","https://openalex.org/W3124535153","https://openalex.org/W3124962940","https://openalex.org/W4312512934","https://openalex.org/W6635337502"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2046736422","https://openalex.org/W2611574733","https://openalex.org/W2514739320","https://openalex.org/W2042444919","https://openalex.org/W3174053386","https://openalex.org/W4225983573","https://openalex.org/W2379664873","https://openalex.org/W3192043023","https://openalex.org/W2626653991","https://openalex.org/W2065961640"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Centrality":[0],"measures":[1,30,57],"are":[2],"the":[3,18,25,37,40,69,85,113,141,156],"most":[4],"commonly":[5],"advocated":[6],"social":[7],"network":[8,82,118,133],"analysis":[9],"tools":[10],"for":[11,106],"identifying":[12],"leaders":[13,50,114,142],"of":[14,27,49,61,71,75],"covert":[15,63],"organizations.":[16],"While":[17],"literature":[19],"has":[20],"predominantly":[21],"focused":[22],"on":[23,45],"studying":[24],"effectiveness":[26],"existing":[28],"centrality":[29,56,92,128],"or":[31],"developing":[32],"new":[33],"ones,":[34],"we":[35,67,110],"study":[36,111],"problem":[38,70,103],"from":[39,119,127],"opposite":[41],"perspective,":[42],"by":[43,55],"focusing":[44],"how":[46,112],"a":[47,62,73,81,117,132,144],"group":[48],"can":[51,115],"avoid":[52],"being":[53],"identified":[54],"as":[58],"key":[59],"members":[60],"network.":[64,157],"More":[65],"specifically,":[66],"analyze":[68],"choosing":[72],"set":[74],"edges":[76],"to":[77,80,83,89,123,139,143,151],"be":[78],"added":[79],"decrease":[84],"leaders\u2019":[86],"ranking":[87],"according":[88],"three":[90],"fundamental":[91],"measures,":[93],"namely,":[94],"degree,":[95],"closeness,":[96],"and":[97],"betweenness.":[98],"We":[99,130],"prove":[100],"that":[101,135],"this":[102],"is":[104],"NP-complete":[105],"each":[107],"measure.":[108],"Moreover,":[109],"construct":[116],"scratch,":[120],"designed":[121],"specifically":[122],"keep":[124],"them":[125,150],"hidden":[126],"measures.":[129],"identify":[131],"structure":[134],"not":[136],"only":[137],"guarantees":[138],"hide":[140],"certain":[145],"extent":[146],"but":[147],"also":[148],"allows":[149],"spread":[152],"their":[153],"influence":[154],"across":[155]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}