{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4214934282","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3490029","title":"A Scalable Quantum Key Distribution Network Testbed Using Parallel Discrete-Event Simulation","display_name":"A Scalable Quantum Key Distribution Network Testbed Using Parallel Discrete-Event Simulation","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-03-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4214934282","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3490029"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3490029","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3490029","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3490029","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S38703467","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Modeling and Computer Simulation","issn_l":"1049-3301","issn":["1049-3301","1558-1195"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Modeling and Computer Simulation","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3490029","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101770351","display_name":"Xiaoliang Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2209-870X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180949307","display_name":"Illinois Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/037t3ry66","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180949307"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoliang Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180949307"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073458411","display_name":"Bo Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5751-8255"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180949307","display_name":"Illinois Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/037t3ry66","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180949307"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bo Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180949307"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045305534","display_name":"Chen Gong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6178-4118"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180949307","display_name":"Illinois Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/037t3ry66","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180949307"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gong Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180949307"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055779612","display_name":"Dong Jin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180949307","display_name":"Illinois Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/037t3ry66","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180949307"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dong Jin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180949307"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180949307"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.262,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.58444984,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"32","issue":"2","first_page":"1","last_page":"22"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10020","display_name":"Quantum Information and Cryptography","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10020","display_name":"Quantum Information and Cryptography","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10622","display_name":"Quantum Mechanics and Applications","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.802577555179596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.607266366481781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-key-distribution","display_name":"Quantum key distribution","score":0.5786035060882568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/testbed","display_name":"Testbed","score":0.568947970867157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discrete-event-simulation","display_name":"Discrete event simulation","score":0.5606449842453003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.5502793192863464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.42712298035621643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.32453012466430664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.16332289576530457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum","display_name":"Quantum","score":0.12627705931663513}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.802577555179596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.607266366481781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95466800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1027298","display_name":"Quantum key distribution","level":3,"score":0.5786035060882568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31395832","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1318674","display_name":"Testbed","level":2,"score":0.568947970867157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147203929","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q574814","display_name":"Discrete event simulation","level":2,"score":0.5606449842453003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.5502793192863464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.42712298035621643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.32453012466430664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.16332289576530457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84114770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344","display_name":"Quantum","level":2,"score":0.12627705931663513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3490029","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3490029","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3490029","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S38703467","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Modeling and Computer Simulation","issn_l":"1049-3301","issn":["1049-3301","1558-1195"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Modeling and Computer Simulation","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3490029","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3490029","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3490029","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S38703467","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Modeling and Computer Simulation","issn_l":"1049-3301","issn":["1049-3301","1558-1195"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Modeling and Computer Simulation","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.8199999928474426,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1072749480","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FA9550-17","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338279","funder_display_name":"Air Force Office of Scientific Research"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1523888516","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FA9550-","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338279","funder_display_name":"Air Force Office of Scientific Research"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1813248907","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DMR-1747426","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338279","funder_display_name":"Air Force Office of Scientific Research"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2541635411","display_name":"CRI: II-NEW: A Big Data Professing Infrastructure for Smart Energy Systems","funder_award_id":"1730488","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G260750634","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FA9550-17-1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338279","funder_display_name":"Air Force Office of Scientific Research"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4800547303","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1747426","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337367","funder_display_name":"Division of Materials Research"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5157328741","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CNS-1730488 and DMR-1747426","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5298095028","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DMR-1747426","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337367","funder_display_name":"Division of Materials Research"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5809100787","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FA9550","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338279","funder_display_name":"Air Force Office of Scientific Research"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6021084027","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FA9550-17-1-0240","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338279","funder_display_name":"Air Force Office of Scientific Research"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G741232289","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DMR-1747426","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G839617042","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CNS-1730488","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8522132104","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"YIP FA9550-17-1-0240","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338279","funder_display_name":"Air Force Office of Scientific Research"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337367","display_name":"Division of Materials Research","ror":"https://ror.org/01pc7k308"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338279","display_name":"Air Force Office of Scientific Research","ror":"https://ror.org/011e9bt93"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4214934282.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4214934282.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1523800107","https://openalex.org/W1964707419","https://openalex.org/W1978553093","https://openalex.org/W2012213015","https://openalex.org/W2014116836","https://openalex.org/W2015179126","https://openalex.org/W2028075868","https://openalex.org/W2045271686","https://openalex.org/W2046765997","https://openalex.org/W2085176432","https://openalex.org/W2086054187","https://openalex.org/W2086947442","https://openalex.org/W2093199434","https://openalex.org/W2115264714","https://openalex.org/W2127379317","https://openalex.org/W2130055503","https://openalex.org/W2132764286","https://openalex.org/W2145278478","https://openalex.org/W2154300278","https://openalex.org/W2158694995","https://openalex.org/W2161455936","https://openalex.org/W2508902623","https://openalex.org/W2537390275","https://openalex.org/W2750607494","https://openalex.org/W2777474773","https://openalex.org/W2782816008","https://openalex.org/W2790590803","https://openalex.org/W2804632427","https://openalex.org/W2888556288","https://openalex.org/W2892874221","https://openalex.org/W2939601584","https://openalex.org/W2991441573","https://openalex.org/W2999216553","https://openalex.org/W3005918742","https://openalex.org/W3088922185","https://openalex.org/W3094054792","https://openalex.org/W3106378402","https://openalex.org/W3197516892","https://openalex.org/W4237084823","https://openalex.org/W4247457907","https://openalex.org/W6948102540"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2883256816","https://openalex.org/W2171408034","https://openalex.org/W3003320923","https://openalex.org/W2106140982","https://openalex.org/W2152313554","https://openalex.org/W2064303750","https://openalex.org/W3048672182","https://openalex.org/W1509300825","https://openalex.org/W3092582874","https://openalex.org/W3196822321"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Quantum":[0],"key":[1],"distribution":[2],"(QKD)":[3],"has":[4,15],"been":[5,16],"promoted":[6],"as":[7,103,105],"a":[8,109,128,167,172,193],"means":[9],"for":[10,37,46,56,100,113,136,151],"secure":[11],"communications.":[12],"Although":[13],"QKD":[14,28,44,57,81,94,114,174],"widely":[17],"implemented":[18],"in":[19,90],"many":[20],"urban":[21],"fiber":[22],"networks,":[23],"the":[24,50,68,71,91,106,123,147,184],"large-scale":[25,43],"deployment":[26],"of":[27,42,70,80,93,108,146],"remains":[29],"challenging.":[30],"Today,":[31],"researchers":[32],"extensively":[33],"conduct":[34],"simulation-based":[35],"evaluations":[36],"their":[38],"designs":[39],"and":[40,59,143],"applications":[41],"networks":[45,82],"cost":[47],"efficiency.":[48],"However,":[49],"existing":[51],"discrete-event":[52],"simulators":[53],"offer":[54],"models":[55],"hardware":[58],"protocols":[60],"based":[61,131],"on":[62],"sequential":[63,168],"event":[64,132],"execution,":[65],"which":[66],"limits":[67],"scale":[69],"experiments.":[72],"In":[73],"this":[74,85],"work,":[75],"we":[76],"explore":[77],"parallel":[78,101,110,160],"simulation":[79,102,111,124,185],"to":[83,97,121,188],"address":[84],"issue.":[86],"Our":[87,176],"contributions":[88],"lay":[89],"exploration":[92],"network":[95,148,178,195],"characteristics":[96],"be":[98],"leveraged":[99],"well":[104],"development":[107],"framework":[112],"networks.":[115],"We":[116],"also":[117],"investigate":[118],"three":[119],"techniques":[120],"improve":[122],"performance":[125],"including":[126],"(1)":[127],"ladder":[129],"queue":[130],"list,":[133],"(2)":[134],"memoization":[135],"computationally":[137],"intensive":[138],"quantum":[139],"state":[140],"transformation":[141],"information,":[142],"(3)":[144],"optimization":[145],"partition":[149,179,196],"scheme":[150,180],"workload":[152],"balance.":[153],"The":[154],"experimental":[155],"results":[156],"show":[157],"that":[158],"our":[159],"simulator":[161,169],"is":[162],"10":[163],"times":[164,190],"faster":[165],"than":[166],"when":[170],"simulating":[171],"128-node":[173],"network.":[175],"linear-regression-based":[177],"can":[181],"further":[182],"accelerate":[183],"experiments":[186],"up":[187],"two":[189],"over":[191],"using":[192],"randomized":[194],"scheme.":[197]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-08T08:33:18.762332","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}