{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4293261820","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3489517.3530606","title":"Silicon validation of LUT-based logic-locked IP cores","display_name":"Silicon validation of LUT-based logic-locked IP cores","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-07-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4293261820","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3489517.3530606"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3489517.3530606","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3489517.3530606","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3489517.3530606","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608816","display_name":"Proceedings of the 59th ACM/IEEE Design Automation Conference","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 59th ACM/IEEE Design Automation Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3489517.3530606","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023713747","display_name":"Gaurav Kolhe","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7807-6721"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2803209242","display_name":"University of California System","ror":"https://ror.org/00pjdza24","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2803209242"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gaurav Kolhe","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2803209242"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086648779","display_name":"Tyler Sheaves","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0163-5449"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2803209242","display_name":"University of California System","ror":"https://ror.org/00pjdza24","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2803209242"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tyler Sheaves","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2803209242"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084274584","display_name":"Kevin Immanuel Gubbi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1745-0457"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2803209242","display_name":"University of California System","ror":"https://ror.org/00pjdza24","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2803209242"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kevin Immanuel Gubbi","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2803209242"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041466330","display_name":"Tejas Kadale","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71838634","display_name":"San Francisco State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05ykr0121","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71838634"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tejas Kadale","raw_affiliation_strings":["San Francisco State University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"San Francisco State University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71838634"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051940611","display_name":"Setareh Rafatirad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0626-9778"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2803209242","display_name":"University of California System","ror":"https://ror.org/00pjdza24","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2803209242"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Setareh Rafatirad","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2803209242"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110615104","display_name":"Sai Manoj PD","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162714631","display_name":"George Mason University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jqj7156","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sai Manoj PD","raw_affiliation_strings":["George Mason University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"George Mason University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060036961","display_name":"Avesta Sasan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4052-8075"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2803209242","display_name":"University of California System","ror":"https://ror.org/00pjdza24","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2803209242"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Avesta Sasan","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2803209242"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066983905","display_name":"Hamid Mahmoodi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4237-3086"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71838634","display_name":"San Francisco State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05ykr0121","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71838634"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hamid Mahmoodi","raw_affiliation_strings":["San Francisco State University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"San Francisco State University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71838634"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047382437","display_name":"Houman Homayoun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8904-4699"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2803209242","display_name":"University of California System","ror":"https://ror.org/00pjdza24","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2803209242"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Houman Homayoun","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2803209242"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.3469,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89759036,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1189","last_page":"1194"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14117","display_name":"Integrated Circuits and Semiconductor Failure Analysis","score":0.9954000115394592,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9904000163078308,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/obfuscation","display_name":"Obfuscation","score":0.8996938467025757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8340952396392822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lookup-table","display_name":"Lookup table","score":0.6040506362915039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.5804697871208191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overhead","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","score":0.5195177793502808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/design-flow","display_name":"Design flow","score":0.46647343039512634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.4309538006782532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hardware-security-module","display_name":"Hardware security module","score":0.4282028079032898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-engineering","display_name":"Computer engineering","score":0.37067556381225586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-architecture","display_name":"Computer architecture","score":0.3568742573261261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.3086757957935333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.21418920159339905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.12012606859207153}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40305131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2616305","display_name":"Obfuscation","level":2,"score":0.8996938467025757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8340952396392822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134835016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q690265","display_name":"Lookup table","level":2,"score":0.6040506362915039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.5804697871208191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.5195177793502808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37135326","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q931942","display_name":"Design flow","level":2,"score":0.46647343039512634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.4309538006782532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39217717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1432354","display_name":"Hardware security module","level":3,"score":0.4282028079032898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.37067556381225586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.3568742573261261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.3086757957935333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.21418920159339905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.12012606859207153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3489517.3530606","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3489517.3530606","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3489517.3530606","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608816","display_name":"Proceedings of the 59th ACM/IEEE Design Automation Conference","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 59th ACM/IEEE Design Automation Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3489517.3530606","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3489517.3530606","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3489517.3530606","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608816","display_name":"Proceedings of the 59th ACM/IEEE Design Automation Conference","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 59th ACM/IEEE Design Automation Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.5299999713897705}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4293261820.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4293261820.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":9,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1524250393","https://openalex.org/W2101491865","https://openalex.org/W2158787690","https://openalex.org/W2172174689","https://openalex.org/W2558748708","https://openalex.org/W2963562272","https://openalex.org/W2998465829","https://openalex.org/W3213015148","https://openalex.org/W4234212765"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3088996813","https://openalex.org/W2946576051","https://openalex.org/W4285102970","https://openalex.org/W2998465829","https://openalex.org/W4212893557","https://openalex.org/W2785858912","https://openalex.org/W4385585429","https://openalex.org/W4293261820","https://openalex.org/W3083859209","https://openalex.org/W4285428165"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Modern":[0],"semiconductor":[1],"manufacturing":[2],"often":[3],"leverages":[4],"a":[5,19,57,92,122,155,164,172,212],"fabless":[6],"model":[7],"in":[8,87,175],"which":[9,75],"design":[10,73,186],"and":[11,65,114,120,143,153,171,188],"fabrication":[12],"are":[13],"partitioned.":[14],"This":[15],"has":[16],"led":[17],"to":[18,25,29,61,80,124],"large":[20],"body":[21],"of":[22,59,67,117,167],"work":[23],"attempting":[24],"secure":[26],"designs":[27,170],"sent":[28],"an":[30],"untrusted":[31],"third":[32],"party":[33],"through":[34],"obfuscation":[35,79,119,138,195,210],"methods.":[36],"On":[37],"the":[38,63,185],"other":[39],"hand,":[40],"efficient":[41],"de-obfuscation":[42],"attacks":[43,51],"have":[44,82],"been":[45,83],"proposed,":[46],"such":[47],"as":[48,91,211],"Boolean":[49],"Satisfiability":[50],"(SAT":[52],"attacks).":[53],"However,":[54],"there":[55],"is":[56],"lack":[58],"frameworks":[60],"validate":[62,125],"security":[64],"functionality":[66,180],"obfuscated":[68,72,159],"designs.":[69,97,160,217],"Additionally,":[70],"unconventional":[71],"flows,":[74],"vary":[76],"from":[77],"one":[78],"another,":[81],"key":[84],"impending":[85],"factors":[86],"realizing":[88],"logic":[89],"locking":[90],"mainstream":[93],"approach":[94],"for":[95,106,158,178,215],"securing":[96,216],"In":[98],"this":[99],"work,":[100],"we":[101,151,206],"address":[102],"these":[103],"two":[104],"issues":[105],"Lookup":[107],"Table-based":[108],"obfuscation.":[109],"We":[110,131,161,182],"study":[111],"both":[112],"Volatile":[113],"Non-volatile":[115],"versions":[116],"LUT-based":[118,137,194,209],"develop":[121],"framework":[123],"SAT":[126],"runtime":[127],"using":[128,136],"machine":[129],"learning.":[130],"can":[132,191],"achieve":[133],"unparallel":[134],"SAT-resiliency":[135],"while":[139,200],"incurring":[140],"7%":[141],"area":[142],"less":[144],"than":[145],"1%":[146],"power":[147],"overheads.":[148],"Following":[149],"this,":[150],"discuss":[152],"implement":[154],"validation":[156,190],"flow":[157,187],"then":[162],"fabricate":[163],"chip":[165],"consisting":[166],"several":[168],"benchmark":[169],"RISC-V":[173],"CPU":[174],"TSMC":[176],"65nm":[177],"post":[179],"validation.":[181],"show":[183],"that":[184],"SAT-runtime":[189],"easily":[192],"integrate":[193],"into":[196],"existing":[197],"CAD":[198],"tools":[199],"adding":[201],"minimal":[202],"verification":[203],"overhead.":[204],"Finally,":[205],"justify":[207],"SAT-resilient":[208],"promising":[213],"candidate":[214]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}