{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4281806793","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3489048.3522640","title":"Understanding the Practices of Global Censorship through Accurate, End-to-End Measurements","display_name":"Understanding the Practices of Global Censorship through Accurate, End-to-End Measurements","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-06-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4281806793","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3489048.3522640"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3489048.3522640","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3489048.3522640","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Abstract Proceedings of the 2022 ACM SIGMETRICS/IFIP PERFORMANCE Joint International Conference on Measurement and Modeling of Computer Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026072422","display_name":"Lin Jin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-5376-6347"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86501945","display_name":"University of Delaware","ror":"https://ror.org/01sbq1a82","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86501945"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lin Jin","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86501945"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101933593","display_name":"Shuai Hao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7483-5252"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I81365321","display_name":"Old Dominion University","ror":"https://ror.org/04zjtrb98","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I81365321"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuai Hao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I81365321"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100664241","display_name":"Haining Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9665-7511"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I859038795","display_name":"Virginia Tech","ror":"https://ror.org/02smfhw86","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haining Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Virginia Tech, Arlington, VA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Virginia Tech, Arlington, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046118095","display_name":"Chase Cotton","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6218-1327"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86501945","display_name":"University of Delaware","ror":"https://ror.org/01sbq1a82","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86501945"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chase Cotton","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86501945"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5026072422"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86501945"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.5305,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.70034057,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"17","last_page":"18"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11478","display_name":"Caching and Content Delivery","score":0.9950000047683716,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11158","display_name":"Wireless Networks and Protocols","score":0.986299991607666,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/censorship","display_name":"Censorship","score":0.7900867462158203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.7722776532173157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7534308433532715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/payload","display_name":"Payload (computing)","score":0.6742798089981079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/false-positive-paradox","display_name":"False positive paradox","score":0.6740131378173828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.6065812706947327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/traceroute","display_name":"traceroute","score":0.5848073363304138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.5589247345924377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cache","display_name":"Cache","score":0.5464020371437073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/server","display_name":"Server","score":0.5185209512710571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/false-positives-and-false-negatives","display_name":"False positives and false negatives","score":0.45781391859054565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point","display_name":"Point (geometry)","score":0.4385261833667755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flagging","display_name":"Flagging","score":0.4340512752532959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.27628588676452637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.22552502155303955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.2117074728012085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.16333699226379395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law","display_name":"Law","score":0.1157262921333313}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52930066","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q543","display_name":"Censorship","level":2,"score":0.7900867462158203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.7722776532173157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7534308433532715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134066672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1424639","display_name":"Payload (computing)","level":3,"score":0.6742798089981079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64869954","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1859747","display_name":"False positive paradox","level":2,"score":0.6740131378173828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.6065812706947327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157497606","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q603227","display_name":"traceroute","level":3,"score":0.5848073363304138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5589247345924377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115537543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165596","display_name":"Cache","level":2,"score":0.5464020371437073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93996380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44127","display_name":"Server","level":2,"score":0.5185209512710571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112789634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18207010","display_name":"False positives and false negatives","level":3,"score":0.45781391859054565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28719098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44946","display_name":"Point (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.4385261833667755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777548347","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5456937","display_name":"Flagging","level":2,"score":0.4340512752532959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.27628588676452637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.22552502155303955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2117074728012085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.16333699226379395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.1157262921333313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158379750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214111","display_name":"Network packet","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3489048.3522640","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3489048.3522640","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Abstract Proceedings of the 2022 ACM SIGMETRICS/IFIP PERFORMANCE Joint International Conference on Measurement and Modeling of Computer Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7099999785423279,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":1,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2023559190"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1583717361","https://openalex.org/W2380898862","https://openalex.org/W1751890932","https://openalex.org/W2989221764","https://openalex.org/W1489208359","https://openalex.org/W4381661641","https://openalex.org/W2131381359","https://openalex.org/W4200384896","https://openalex.org/W4284896058","https://openalex.org/W4281806793"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"It":[0],"is":[1,89],"challenging":[2],"to":[3,26,48,71,99,121,149,174],"conduct":[4,145,184],"a":[5,43,64,90,96,133,137,146,211],"large":[6],"scale":[7],"Internet":[8],"censorship":[9,75,127,198],"measurement,":[10],"as":[11],"it":[12],"involves":[13],"triggering":[14],"censors":[15],"through":[16],"artificial":[17],"requests":[18,111,206],"and":[19,77,125,144,178,216],"identifying":[20],"abnormalities":[21],"from":[22,36,112,188],"corresponding":[23],"responses.":[24,106],"Due":[25],"the":[27,33,74,79,101,119,126,151,162,224],"lack":[28],"of":[29,87,104,115],"ground":[30,102],"truth":[31,103],"on":[32],"expected":[34],"responses":[35],"legitimate":[37],"services,":[38],"previous":[39],"studies":[40],"typically":[41],"require":[42],"heavy,":[44],"unscalable":[45],"manual":[46,83],"inspection":[47],"identify":[49],"false":[50,55,213,218],"positives":[51],"while":[52],"still":[53],"leaving":[54],"negatives":[56],"undetected.":[57],"In":[58,140],"this":[59],"paper,":[60],"we":[61,109,142,166,183],"propose":[62],"Disguiser,":[63,182],"novel":[65],"framework":[66],"that":[67,93,154,200],"enables":[68],"end-to-end":[69],"measurement":[70],"accurately":[72],"detect":[73],"activities":[76,128,199],"reveal":[78],"censor":[80,225],"deployment":[81,226],"without":[82],"efforts.":[84],"The":[85],"core":[86],"Disguiser":[88,222],"control":[91,123,172],"server":[92,105,173],"replies":[94],"with":[95],"static":[97],"payload":[98],"provide":[100],"As":[107],"such,":[108],"send":[110],"various":[113],"types":[114],"vantage":[116,134,152,189],"points":[117,153,190],"across":[118],"world":[120],"our":[122,171],"server,":[124],"can":[129],"be":[130,156],"recognized":[131],"if":[132],"point":[135],"receives":[136],"different":[138],"response.":[139],"particular,":[141],"design":[143],"cache":[147,159],"test":[148],"pre-exclude":[150],"could":[155],"interfered":[157],"by":[158],"proxies":[160],"along":[161],"network":[163],"path.":[164],"Then":[165],"perform":[167],"application":[168],"traceroute":[169],"towards":[170],"explore":[175],"censors'":[176],"behaviors":[177],"their":[179],"deployment.":[180],"With":[181],"58":[185],"million":[186],"measurements":[187],"in":[191,227],"177":[192],"countries.":[193,229],"We":[194],"observe":[195],"292":[196],"thousand":[197],"block":[201],"DNS,":[202],"HTTP,":[203],"or":[204],"HTTPS":[205],"inside":[207],"122":[208],"countries,":[209],"achieving":[210],"106":[212],"positive":[214],"rate":[215],"zero":[217],"negative":[219],"rate.":[220],"Furthermore,":[221],"reveals":[223],"13":[228]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}