{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4281388923","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3488932.3497756","title":"SMS OTP Security (SOS)","display_name":"SMS OTP Security (SOS)","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-05-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4281388923","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3488932.3497756"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3488932.3497756","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3488932.3497756","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363609011","display_name":"Proceedings of the 2022 ACM on Asia Conference on Computer and Communications Security","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2022 ACM on Asia Conference on Computer and Communications Security","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101470547","display_name":"Christian Peeters","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-2109-3429"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33213144","display_name":"University of Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/02y3ad647","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Christian Peeters","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069464930","display_name":"Christopher Patton","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33213144","display_name":"University of Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/02y3ad647","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christopher Patton","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112908119","display_name":"Imani N. S. Munyaka","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1780-7030"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33213144","display_name":"University of Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/02y3ad647","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Imani N. S. Munyaka","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064538510","display_name":"Daniel Olszewski","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-7807-7941"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33213144","display_name":"University of Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/02y3ad647","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel Olszewski","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023897618","display_name":"Thomas Shrimpton","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8131-5634"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33213144","display_name":"University of Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/02y3ad647","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas Shrimpton","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048941759","display_name":"Patrick Traynor","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7143-5189"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33213144","display_name":"University of Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/02y3ad647","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Patrick Traynor","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101470547"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.0435,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88917489,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"2","last_page":"16"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8039978742599487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/password","display_name":"Password","score":0.7237091064453125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.6498216986656189},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/usability","display_name":"Usability","score":0.6401265263557434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protocol","display_name":"Protocol (science)","score":0.5772705674171448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authentication","display_name":"Authentication (law)","score":0.5609275698661804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/short-message-service","display_name":"Short Message Service","score":0.5048316121101379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overhead","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","score":0.45980823040008545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authentication-protocol","display_name":"Authentication protocol","score":0.4414270222187042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key-exchange","display_name":"Key exchange","score":0.43542858958244324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.3867207169532776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.33036887645721436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-key-cryptography","display_name":"Public-key cryptography","score":0.2367803454399109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.13645637035369873}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8039978742599487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109297577","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161157","display_name":"Password","level":2,"score":0.7237091064453125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.6498216986656189},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170130773","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q216378","display_name":"Usability","level":2,"score":0.6401265263557434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.5772705674171448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148417208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825882","display_name":"Authentication (law)","level":2,"score":0.5609275698661804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74558129","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43024","display_name":"Short Message Service","level":2,"score":0.5048316121101379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.45980823040008545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21564112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825885","display_name":"Authentication protocol","level":3,"score":0.4414270222187042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99674996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414155","display_name":"Key exchange","level":4,"score":0.43542858958244324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.3867207169532776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.33036887645721436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203062551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201339","display_name":"Public-key cryptography","level":3,"score":0.2367803454399109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.13645637035369873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204787440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504","display_name":"Alternative medicine","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3488932.3497756","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3488932.3497756","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363609011","display_name":"Proceedings of the 2022 ACM on Asia Conference on Computer and Communications Security","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2022 ACM on Asia Conference on Computer and Communications Security","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.49000000953674316,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3825509627","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CNS-1617474,CNS-1562485","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1572503422","https://openalex.org/W1576141305","https://openalex.org/W2006809639","https://openalex.org/W2007486119","https://openalex.org/W2018899557","https://openalex.org/W2050729476","https://openalex.org/W2121895216","https://openalex.org/W2528526964","https://openalex.org/W2582743722","https://openalex.org/W2756169798","https://openalex.org/W2794787475","https://openalex.org/W2795673503","https://openalex.org/W2942905300","https://openalex.org/W2969748787","https://openalex.org/W4212851301","https://openalex.org/W4249033934","https://openalex.org/W4301284418"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W197209415","https://openalex.org/W2035164471","https://openalex.org/W1479964569","https://openalex.org/W1992506132","https://openalex.org/W2048985559","https://openalex.org/W2783875446","https://openalex.org/W2280330644","https://openalex.org/W4382396217","https://openalex.org/W2181469750","https://openalex.org/W2129045931"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"SMS-based":[0,80,121],"two-factor":[1],"authentication":[2],"(2FA)":[3],"is":[4,37,43,65,124],"the":[5,12,27,114,117,131,164],"most":[6],"widely":[7],"deployed":[8],"2FA":[9],"mechanism,":[10],"despite":[11,26],"fact":[13],"that":[14,31,82,108,135,173],"SMS":[15,59,181],"messages":[16],"are":[17],"known":[18],"to":[19,22,87,91,130],"be":[20,33],"vulnerable":[21],"rerouting":[23,84],"attacks,":[24],"and":[25,54,116,123,182],"availability":[28],"of":[29,68,143,187],"alternatives":[30],"may":[32],"more":[34],"secure.":[35],"This":[36],"for":[38],"two":[39],"reasons.":[40],"First,":[41],"it":[42],"very":[44],"effective":[45],"in":[46,105,185],"practice,":[47],"as":[48],"evidenced":[49],"by":[50],"reports":[51],"from":[52],"Google":[53],"Microsoft.":[55],"Second,":[56],"users":[57],"prefer":[58],"over":[60,93,119],"alternatives,":[61],"because":[62],"text":[63,103],"messaging":[64],"already":[66,136],"part":[67],"their":[69],"daily":[70],"communication.":[71],"Accepting":[72],"this":[73],"practical":[74],"reality,":[75],"we":[76,167],"developed":[77],"a":[78,106,148,170],"new":[79,161],"protocol":[81,97,145,154],"makes":[83],"attacks":[85],"useless":[86],"adversaries":[88],"who":[89],"aim":[90],"take":[92],"user":[94,115,171],"accounts.":[95],"Our":[96],"delivers":[98],"one-time":[99],"passwords":[100],"(OTP)":[101],"via":[102],"message":[104],"manner":[107],"adds":[109],"minimal":[110],"overhead":[111],"(to":[112],"both":[113],"server)":[118],"existing":[120],"methods,":[122],"implemented":[125],"with":[126],"only":[127],"small":[128],"changes":[129],"stock":[132],"text-message":[133],"applications":[134],"ship":[137],"on":[138],"mobile":[139],"phones.":[140],"The":[141],"security":[142],"our":[144,183],"rests":[146],"upon":[147,163],"provably":[149],"secure":[150],"authenticated":[151],"key":[152],"exchange":[153],"that,":[155],"crucially,":[156],"does":[157],"not":[158],"place":[159],"significant":[160,177],"burdens":[162],"user.":[165],"Indeed,":[166],"carry":[168],"out":[169],"study":[172],"demonstrates":[174],"no":[175],"statistically":[176],"difference":[178],"between":[179],"traditional":[180],"protocol,":[184],"terms":[186],"usability.":[188]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-04-02T15:55:50.835912","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}