{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4254482563","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3488243","title":"Discrete-Time Modeling of NFV Accelerators that Exploit Batched Processing","display_name":"Discrete-Time Modeling of NFV Accelerators that Exploit Batched Processing","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-09-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4254482563","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3488243"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3488243","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3488243","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210231956","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Modeling and Performance Evaluation of Computing Systems","issn_l":"2376-3639","issn":["2376-3639","2376-3647"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Modeling and Performance Evaluation of Computing Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://ntnuopen.ntnu.no/ntnu-xmlui/bitstream/11250/2985216/1/2020-tompecs.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077973733","display_name":"Stefan Gei\u00dfler","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1783-8454"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25974101","display_name":"University of W\u00fcrzburg","ror":"https://ror.org/00fbnyb24","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25974101"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Stefan Geissler","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Wuerzburg, W\u00fcrzburg, Bavaria, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Wuerzburg, W\u00fcrzburg, Bavaria, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25974101"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087643892","display_name":"Stanislav Lange","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8572-1848"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204778367","display_name":"Norwegian University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05xg72x27","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204778367"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stanislav Lange","raw_affiliation_strings":["Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Tr\u00f8ndelag, Norway"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Tr\u00f8ndelag, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204778367"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090775968","display_name":"Leonardo Linguaglossa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1549-9583"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12356871","display_name":"T\u00e9l\u00e9com Paris","ror":"https://ror.org/01naq7912","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12356871","https://openalex.org/I205703379","https://openalex.org/I4210145102"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Leonardo Linguaglossa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Telecom ParisTech, Palaiseau, France"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Telecom ParisTech, Palaiseau, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12356871"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052449763","display_name":"Dario Rossi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3936-8876"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12356871","display_name":"T\u00e9l\u00e9com Paris","ror":"https://ror.org/01naq7912","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12356871","https://openalex.org/I205703379","https://openalex.org/I4210145102"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dario Rossi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Telecom ParisTech, Palaiseau, France"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Telecom ParisTech, Palaiseau, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12356871"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016804745","display_name":"Thomas Zinner","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4179-4105"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204778367","display_name":"Norwegian University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05xg72x27","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204778367"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas Zinner","raw_affiliation_strings":["Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Tr\u00f8ndelag, Norway"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Tr\u00f8ndelag, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204778367"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025794971","display_name":"Tobias Ho\u00dffeld","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0173-595X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25974101","display_name":"University of W\u00fcrzburg","ror":"https://ror.org/00fbnyb24","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25974101"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tobias Hossfeld","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Wuerzburg, W\u00fcrzburg, Bavaria, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Wuerzburg, W\u00fcrzburg, Bavaria, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25974101"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5077973733"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25974101"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.32,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.6424669,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":"3","first_page":"1","last_page":"27"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10714","display_name":"Software-Defined Networks and 5G","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10714","display_name":"Software-Defined Networks and 5G","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10829","display_name":"Interconnection Networks and Systems","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10138","display_name":"Network Traffic and Congestion Control","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8551958799362183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/packet-processing","display_name":"Packet processing","score":0.5562435388565063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/testbed","display_name":"Testbed","score":0.5556652545928955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-packet","display_name":"Network packet","score":0.551665723323822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exploit","display_name":"Exploit","score":0.5021989345550537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/router","display_name":"Router","score":0.4929954707622528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.47728124260902405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/implementation","display_name":"Implementation","score":0.4746157228946686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overhead","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","score":0.46681925654411316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cache","display_name":"Cache","score":0.46322014927864075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interrupt","display_name":"Interrupt","score":0.4468289613723755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dataflow","display_name":"Dataflow","score":0.44056352972984314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.37631934881210327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.29584264755249023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.2780902087688446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.1913551390171051}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8551958799362183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779581428","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7122997","display_name":"Packet processing","level":3,"score":0.5562435388565063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31395832","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1318674","display_name":"Testbed","level":2,"score":0.5556652545928955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158379750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214111","display_name":"Network packet","level":2,"score":0.551665723323822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.5021989345550537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775896111","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q642560","display_name":"Router","level":2,"score":0.4929954707622528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.47728124260902405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26713055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245962","display_name":"Implementation","level":2,"score":0.4746157228946686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.46681925654411316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115537543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165596","display_name":"Cache","level":2,"score":0.46322014927864075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41661131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220764","display_name":"Interrupt","level":3,"score":0.4468289613723755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96324660","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205446","display_name":"Dataflow","level":2,"score":0.44056352972984314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.37631934881210327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.29584264755249023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.2780902087688446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.1913551390171051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173018170","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165678","display_name":"Microcontroller","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3488243","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3488243","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210231956","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Modeling and Performance Evaluation of Computing Systems","issn_l":"2376-3639","issn":["2376-3639","2376-3647"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Modeling and Performance Evaluation of Computing Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ntnuopen.ntnu.no:11250/2985216","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11250/2985216","pdf_url":"https://ntnuopen.ntnu.no/ntnu-xmlui/bitstream/11250/2985216/1/2020-tompecs.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401716","display_name":"Duo Research Archive (University of Oslo)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I184942183","host_organization_name":"University of Oslo","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184942183"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Modeling and Performance Evaluation of Computing Systems","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:ntnuopen.ntnu.no:11250/2985216","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11250/2985216","pdf_url":"https://ntnuopen.ntnu.no/ntnu-xmlui/bitstream/11250/2985216/1/2020-tompecs.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401716","display_name":"Duo Research Archive (University of Oslo)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I184942183","host_organization_name":"University of Oslo","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184942183"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Modeling and Performance Evaluation of Computing Systems","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.41999998688697815}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4254482563.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4254482563.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1493606419","https://openalex.org/W1884525496","https://openalex.org/W1979866793","https://openalex.org/W1980746611","https://openalex.org/W2003584295","https://openalex.org/W2010365467","https://openalex.org/W2012309514","https://openalex.org/W2020604988","https://openalex.org/W2034864061","https://openalex.org/W2035782371","https://openalex.org/W2041096092","https://openalex.org/W2043548758","https://openalex.org/W2044119008","https://openalex.org/W2044775737","https://openalex.org/W2054005676","https://openalex.org/W2060240953","https://openalex.org/W2135446949","https://openalex.org/W2136720347","https://openalex.org/W2138848818","https://openalex.org/W2464149515","https://openalex.org/W2526867530","https://openalex.org/W2568689864","https://openalex.org/W2585158089","https://openalex.org/W2740376671","https://openalex.org/W2790145309","https://openalex.org/W2796048723","https://openalex.org/W2901938775","https://openalex.org/W2902360511","https://openalex.org/W2903417927","https://openalex.org/W2905326196","https://openalex.org/W2920697006","https://openalex.org/W2920937335","https://openalex.org/W2981731278","https://openalex.org/W2991897569","https://openalex.org/W2992627995","https://openalex.org/W3001942212","https://openalex.org/W4254354095","https://openalex.org/W4292544546"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3117114023","https://openalex.org/W3120511008","https://openalex.org/W2158757796","https://openalex.org/W2803721528","https://openalex.org/W1998949396","https://openalex.org/W2195298275","https://openalex.org/W2487835785","https://openalex.org/W1645504006","https://openalex.org/W3033338468","https://openalex.org/W4254482563"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Network":[0],"Functions":[1],"Virtualization":[2],"(NFV)":[3],"is":[4,62,80,266],"among":[5],"the":[6,18,50,63,109,112,126,171,174,186,191,198,214,222,229,246],"latest":[7],"network":[8,15],"revolutions,":[9],"promising":[10],"increased":[11],"flexibility":[12],"and":[13,93,105,169,190,207],"avoiding":[14],"ossification.":[16],"At":[17],"same":[19],"time,":[20],"all-software":[21],"NFV":[22,131,242],"implementations":[23,101],"on":[24],"commodity":[25],"hardware":[26],"raise":[27],"performance":[28,160,253],"issues":[29],"when":[30],"comparing":[31],"to":[32,77,82,119,124,155,185],"ASIC":[33],"solutions.":[34],"To":[35],"address":[36],"these":[37,60],"issues,":[38],"numerous":[39],"software":[40],"acceleration":[41],"frameworks":[42,61],"for":[43,145],"packet":[44,192],"processing":[45],"have":[46,102],"been":[47,103],"proposed":[48,104],"in":[49,73,108,183,236,259,263],"last":[51],"few":[52],"years.":[53],"One":[54],"central":[55],"mechanism":[56],"of":[57,59,65,129,148,173,216,224,271],"many":[58],"use":[64],"batching":[66,134],"techniques":[67],",":[68],"where":[69],"packets":[70],"are":[71],"processed":[72,267],"groups":[74],"as":[75,177,179,202,219,221],"opposed":[76],"individually.":[78],"This":[79],"required":[81],"provide":[83],"high-speed":[84,238],"capabilities":[85],"by":[86,268],"minimizing":[87],"framework":[88],"overhead,":[89],"reducing":[90],"interrupt":[91],"pressure,":[92],"leveraging":[94],"instruction-level":[95],"cache":[96],"hits.":[97],"Several":[98],"such":[99],"system":[100,127,252],"experimentally":[106],"benchmarked":[107],"past.":[110],"However,":[111],"scientific":[113],"community":[114],"has":[115],"so":[116],"far":[117],"only":[118,249],"a":[120,141,203,237,269],"limited":[121],"extent":[122],"attempted":[123],"model":[125,144,230,247],"dynamics":[128],"modern":[130],"routers":[132],"exploiting":[133],"acceleration.":[135],"In":[136,162],"this":[137,146],"article,":[138],"we":[139,164,196,227],"propose":[140],"simple,":[142],"generic":[143],"type":[147],"batching-based":[149],"systems":[150],"that":[151,245],"can":[152],"be":[153],"applied":[154],"predict":[156],"all":[157],"relevant":[158,204],"key":[159],"indicators.":[161],"particular,":[163],"extend":[165],"our":[166],"previous":[167],"work":[168],"formulate":[170],"calculation":[172],"queue":[175],"size":[176,188],"well":[178,220],"waiting":[180,199],"time":[181,200],"distributions":[182],"addition":[184],"batch":[187],"distribution":[189,201],"loss":[193],"probability.":[194],"Furthermore,":[195],"introduce":[197],"QoS":[205],"parameter":[206,211],"perform":[208],"an":[209,241],"in-depth":[210],"study,":[212],"widening":[213],"set":[215],"investigated":[217],"variables":[218],"range":[223],"values.":[225],"Finally,":[226],"contrast":[228],"prediction":[231],"with":[232],"experimental":[233],"results":[234],"gathered":[235],"testbed":[239],"including":[240],"router,":[243],"showing":[244],"not":[248],"correctly":[250],"captures":[251],"under":[254],"simple":[255],"conditions,":[256],"but":[257],"also":[258],"more":[260],"realistic":[261],"scenarios":[262],"which":[264],"traffic":[265],"mixture":[270],"functions.":[272]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}