{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3212284203","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3488042.3488065","title":"A Scratch Challenge: Middle School Students Working with Variables, Lists and Procedures","display_name":"A Scratch Challenge: Middle School Students Working with Variables, Lists and Procedures","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-11-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3212284203","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3488042.3488065","mag":"3212284203"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3488042.3488065","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3488042.3488065","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 21st Koli Calling International Conference on Computing Education Research","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009219731","display_name":"Giulia Paparo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4782-8337"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210095907","display_name":"Schwyz University of Teacher Education","ror":"https://ror.org/00rqdn375","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210095907"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Giulia Paparo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Schwyz University of Teacher Education, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Schwyz University of Teacher Education, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210095907"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079982626","display_name":"Marco Hartmann","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-7432-0115"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210095907","display_name":"Schwyz University of Teacher Education","ror":"https://ror.org/00rqdn375","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210095907"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marco Hartmann","raw_affiliation_strings":["Schwyz University of Teacher Education, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Schwyz University of Teacher Education, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210095907"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040152873","display_name":"Mareen Grillenberger","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8477-1464"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210095907","display_name":"Schwyz University of Teacher Education","ror":"https://ror.org/00rqdn375","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210095907"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mareen Grillenberger","raw_affiliation_strings":["Schwyz University of Teacher Education, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Schwyz University of Teacher Education, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210095907"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210095907"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.6319,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.63754889,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"10"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10533","display_name":"Teaching and Learning Programming","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10533","display_name":"Teaching and Learning Programming","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10731","display_name":"Educational Games and Gamification","score":0.9846000075340271,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9761999845504761,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scratch","display_name":"Scratch","score":0.9673511981964111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/curriculum","display_name":"Curriculum","score":0.6947039365768433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6824288368225098},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/competence","display_name":"Competence (human resources)","score":0.6763984560966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics-education","display_name":"Mathematics education","score":0.5657556653022766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/executable","display_name":"Executable","score":0.5482516884803772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computational-thinking","display_name":"Computational thinking","score":0.462290495634079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/german","display_name":"German","score":0.41692787408828735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pedagogy","display_name":"Pedagogy","score":0.2730695605278015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.2420428991317749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.19743600487709045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.13808602094650269}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781235140","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q275131","display_name":"Scratch","level":2,"score":0.9673511981964111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47177190","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207137","display_name":"Curriculum","level":2,"score":0.6947039365768433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6824288368225098},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100521375","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2015382","display_name":"Competence (human resources)","level":2,"score":0.6763984560966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.5657556653022766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160145156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q778586","display_name":"Executable","level":2,"score":0.5482516884803772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780368719","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5157342","display_name":"Computational thinking","level":2,"score":0.462290495634079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154775046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188","display_name":"German","level":2,"score":0.41692787408828735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.2730695605278015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.2420428991317749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.19743600487709045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.13808602094650269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3488042.3488065","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3488042.3488065","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 21st Koli Calling International Conference on Computing Education Research","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.5799999833106995}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1818016653","https://openalex.org/W2053154970","https://openalex.org/W2084944215","https://openalex.org/W2085990091","https://openalex.org/W2085998145","https://openalex.org/W2094649724","https://openalex.org/W2100877102","https://openalex.org/W2101398579","https://openalex.org/W2120640415","https://openalex.org/W2164777277","https://openalex.org/W2511447228","https://openalex.org/W2607581664","https://openalex.org/W2623524231","https://openalex.org/W2741556029","https://openalex.org/W2765987855","https://openalex.org/W2767967589","https://openalex.org/W2783372652","https://openalex.org/W2803205471","https://openalex.org/W2948485546","https://openalex.org/W3000232414","https://openalex.org/W3090152186","https://openalex.org/W3175305063"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2475116013","https://openalex.org/W2770018148","https://openalex.org/W2358308169","https://openalex.org/W2385135707","https://openalex.org/W2140315382","https://openalex.org/W2059109728","https://openalex.org/W4390677639","https://openalex.org/W2887068268","https://openalex.org/W4323526560","https://openalex.org/W2754972376"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0,207],"the":[1,16,85,93,103,134,144,150,155,167,177,186,217,220,226,232],"\u201cLehrplan":[2,221],"21\u201d":[3,222],"school":[4,42,65,158,192],"curriculum,":[5],"a":[6,76,109,125],"new":[7],"subject":[8],"\u201cMedia":[9],"and":[10,50,57,61,114,176,203,224,238],"Computer":[11],"Science\u201d":[12],"was":[13],"introduced":[14],"in":[15,124,165,205],"German-speaking":[17],"cantons":[18],"of":[19,100,112,116,133,139,190,219,234],"Switzerland.":[20],"The":[21],"curriculum":[22],"defines":[23],"competence":[24,37],"areas":[25],"that":[26,40,54],"should":[27,44],"be":[28,45],"achieved":[29],"by":[30,143],"students":[31,43,66,159,193],"within":[32],"this":[33,208],"subject.":[34],"One":[35],"such":[36,199],"area":[38,189],"is":[39],"middle":[41,64,157,191],"able":[46],"to":[47,185,212,215],"develop":[48],"executable":[49],"correct":[51],"computer":[52],"programs":[53],"use":[55,111,132,233],"variables":[56],"subprograms.":[58],"To":[59],"evaluate":[60],"analyze":[62],"how":[63],"work":[67,160],"with":[68,97,161,195],"these":[69,162],"more":[70,196,240],"abstract":[71,136,163,197],"CS":[72,242],"concepts,":[73,198],"we":[74,147,153,210],"organized":[75],"Scratch":[77,105,235],"Challenge":[78],"\u2013":[79],"an":[80,98,130],"online":[81],"programming":[82,87],"competition":[83],"using":[84],"block-based":[86],"language":[88],"Scratch.":[89,206],"We":[90,107],"then":[91],"compared":[92],"203":[94],"submitted":[95],"projects":[96,101,119,122],"analysis":[99],"from":[102],"general":[104],"repository.":[106],"found":[108],"similar":[110],"types":[113],"quantities":[115],"blocks":[117],"per":[118],"(when":[120],"considering":[121],"developed":[123],"short":[126],"timeframe),":[127],"but":[128],"also":[129],"increased":[131],"targeted":[135],"concepts":[137,164],"(especially":[138],"procedures),":[140],"potentially":[141],"influenced":[142],"educational":[145],"materials":[146],"provided":[148],"for":[149,236],"challenge.":[151],"Secondly,":[152],"examined":[154],"way":[156],"Scratch,":[166],"errors":[168],"they":[169,174,179],"typically":[170],"make,":[171],"which":[172],"challenges":[173],"face":[175],"preconceptions":[178],"might":[180],"have.":[181],"These":[182],"results":[183],"contribute":[184],"little":[187],"studied":[188],"working":[194],"as":[200],"variables,":[201],"lists":[202],"procedures":[204],"contribution,":[209],"hope":[211],"support":[213],"schools":[214],"implement":[216],"aims":[218],"successfully,":[223],"at":[225],"same":[227],"time":[228],"gain":[229],"insight":[230],"into":[231],"teaching":[237],"learning":[239],"advanced":[241],"concepts.":[243]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-30T17:31:21.811387","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}