{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4214939358","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3487910","title":"Embedding Temporal Convolutional Networks for Energy-efficient PPG-based Heart Rate Monitoring","display_name":"Embedding Temporal Convolutional Networks for Energy-efficient PPG-based Heart Rate Monitoring","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-03-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4214939358","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3487910"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3487910","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3487910","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210174653","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Computing for Healthcare","issn_l":"2637-8051","issn":["2637-8051","2691-1957"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Computing for Healthcare","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11585/900484","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032095821","display_name":"Alessio Burrello","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6215-8220"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9360294","display_name":"University of Bologna","ror":"https://ror.org/01111rn36","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Alessio Burrello","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical, Electronic and Information Engineering, University of Bologna, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical, Electronic and Information Engineering, University of Bologna, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080843266","display_name":"Daniele Jahier Pagliari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2872-7071"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177477856","display_name":"Polytechnic University of Turin","ror":"https://ror.org/00bgk9508","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniele Jahier Pagliari","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Control and Computer Engineeringat Politecnico di Torino, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Control and Computer Engineeringat Politecnico di Torino, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060388878","display_name":"Pierangelo Maria Rapa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4596-0374"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9360294","display_name":"University of Bologna","ror":"https://ror.org/01111rn36","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pierangelo Maria Rapa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical, Electronicand Information Engineering, University of Bologna, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical, Electronicand Information Engineering, University of Bologna, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063020674","display_name":"Matilde Semilia","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9360294","display_name":"University of Bologna","ror":"https://ror.org/01111rn36","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matilde Semilia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical, Electronicand Information Engineering, University of Bologna, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical, Electronicand Information Engineering, University of Bologna, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042082293","display_name":"Matteo Risso","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4641-9742"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177477856","display_name":"Polytechnic University of Turin","ror":"https://ror.org/00bgk9508","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matteo Risso","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Control and Computer Engineering at Politecnico di Torino, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Control and Computer Engineering at Politecnico di Torino, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090142795","display_name":"Tommaso Polonelli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0405-3612"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tommaso Polonelli","raw_affiliation_strings":["PBL Center, Switzerland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"PBL Center, Switzerland","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024891882","display_name":"Massimo Poncino","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1369-9688"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177477856","display_name":"Polytechnic University of Turin","ror":"https://ror.org/00bgk9508","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Massimo Poncino","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Control and Computer Engineering at Politecnico di Torino, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Control and Computer Engineering at Politecnico di Torino, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043408422","display_name":"Luca Benini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8068-3806"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35440088","display_name":"ETH Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/05a28rw58","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luca Benini","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering at the ETH Zurich, Switzerland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering at the ETH Zurich, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000858956","display_name":"Simone Benatti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5700-5342"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9360294","display_name":"University of Bologna","ror":"https://ror.org/01111rn36","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Simone Benatti","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical, Electronic and Information Engineering, University of Bologna, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical, Electronic and Information Engineering, University of Bologna, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5032095821"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.8739,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":23,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84328806,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"3","issue":"2","first_page":"1","last_page":"25"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11196","display_name":"Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11196","display_name":"Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10745","display_name":"Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11700","display_name":"Hemodynamic Monitoring and Therapy","score":0.9943000078201294,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7843359708786011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photoplethysmogram","display_name":"Photoplethysmogram","score":0.6092290282249451},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.5365732908248901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.47832560539245605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.46820762753486633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedding","display_name":"Embedding","score":0.46449708938598633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/estimator","display_name":"Estimator","score":0.4643685221672058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heartbeat","display_name":"Heartbeat","score":0.42122119665145874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalization","display_name":"Generalization","score":0.4207683503627777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.3542899489402771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.14293470978736877}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7843359708786011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116390426","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187885","display_name":"Photoplethysmogram","level":3,"score":0.6092290282249451},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.5365732908248901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.47832560539245605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.46820762753486633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41608201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980509","display_name":"Embedding","level":2,"score":0.46449708938598633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185429906","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1130160","display_name":"Estimator","level":2,"score":0.4643685221672058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13852961","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17021880","display_name":"Heartbeat","level":2,"score":0.42122119665145874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.4207683503627777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3542899489402771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.14293470978736877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106131492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3072260","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3487910","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3487910","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210174653","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Computing for Healthcare","issn_l":"2637-8051","issn":["2637-8051","2691-1957"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Computing for Healthcare","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:cris.unibo.it:11585/900484","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11585/900484","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402579","display_name":"Archivio istituzionale della ricerca (Alma Mater Studiorum Universit\u00e0 di Bologna)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210117483","host_organization_name":"Istituto di Ematologia di Bologna","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210117483"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:iris.unimore.it:11380/1274599","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11380/1274599","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400718","display_name":"IRIS UNIMORE (University of Modena and Reggio Emilia)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I122346577","host_organization_name":"University of Modena and Reggio Emilia","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122346577"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:cris.unibo.it:11585/900484","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11585/900484","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402579","display_name":"Archivio istituzionale della ricerca (Alma Mater Studiorum Universit\u00e0 di Bologna)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210117483","host_organization_name":"Istituto di Ematologia di Bologna","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210117483"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.8999999761581421}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5654965961","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"18082","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321942","funder_display_name":"Hasler Stiftung"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321942","display_name":"Hasler Stiftung","ror":"https://ror.org/04m3t9183"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W271515203","https://openalex.org/W748353639","https://openalex.org/W1836465849","https://openalex.org/W1849865010","https://openalex.org/W1988681682","https://openalex.org/W2005741801","https://openalex.org/W2046002943","https://openalex.org/W2133796295","https://openalex.org/W2138019504","https://openalex.org/W2151713296","https://openalex.org/W2204117563","https://openalex.org/W2509981252","https://openalex.org/W2510642588","https://openalex.org/W2592075940","https://openalex.org/W2762753048","https://openalex.org/W2792764867","https://openalex.org/W2888842187","https://openalex.org/W2891220451","https://openalex.org/W2894956427","https://openalex.org/W2902251695","https://openalex.org/W2904498922","https://openalex.org/W2910830939","https://openalex.org/W2921132911","https://openalex.org/W2943541732","https://openalex.org/W2944170161","https://openalex.org/W2947657751","https://openalex.org/W2962182608","https://openalex.org/W2963918968","https://openalex.org/W2964217527","https://openalex.org/W2964259004","https://openalex.org/W2995086119","https://openalex.org/W3012297411","https://openalex.org/W3013656842","https://openalex.org/W3034459805","https://openalex.org/W3037389028","https://openalex.org/W3041192231","https://openalex.org/W3044604993","https://openalex.org/W3083860807","https://openalex.org/W3098824483","https://openalex.org/W3108166024","https://openalex.org/W3112695512","https://openalex.org/W3124198337","https://openalex.org/W4236355931","https://openalex.org/W6780827055"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2732360296","https://openalex.org/W1994871954","https://openalex.org/W4297152434","https://openalex.org/W2072858761","https://openalex.org/W2122132874","https://openalex.org/W4200107443","https://openalex.org/W4239033438","https://openalex.org/W1540261775","https://openalex.org/W2170552210","https://openalex.org/W4318970012"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Photoplethysmography":[0],"(PPG)":[1],"sensors":[2],"allow":[3],"for":[4,13,97,111],"non-invasive":[5],"and":[6,58],"comfortable":[7],"heart":[8],"rate":[9],"(HR)":[10],"monitoring,":[11],"suitable":[12],"compact":[14],"wrist-worn":[15],"devices.":[16],"Unfortunately,":[17],"motion":[18],"artifacts":[19],"(MAs)":[20],"severely":[21],"impact":[22],"the":[23,30,134,166,170,192],"monitoring":[24],"accuracy,":[25],"causing":[26],"high":[27],"variability":[28],"in":[29,191],"skin-to-sensor":[31],"interface.":[32],"Several":[33],"data":[34],"fusion":[35],"techniques":[36],"have":[37],"been":[38],"introduced":[39],"to":[40,76,138],"cope":[41],"with":[42,50],"this":[43,81],"problem,":[44],"based":[45],"on":[46,71,133,146,162,177],"combining":[47],"PPG":[48],"signals":[49],"inertial":[51],"sensor":[52],"data.":[53],"Until":[54],"now,":[55],"both":[56],"commercial":[57,180],"reasearch":[59],"solutions":[60,190],"are":[61],"computationally":[62,90],"efficient":[63],"but":[64],"not":[65],"very":[66],"robust,":[67],"or":[68],"strongly":[69],"dependent":[70],"hand-tuned":[72],"parameters,":[73],"which":[74,164],"leads":[75],"poor":[77],"generalization":[78],"performance.":[79],"In":[80],"work,":[82],"we":[83,102,119,173],"tackle":[84],"these":[85],"limitations":[86],"by":[87],"proposing":[88],"a":[89,104,178,184],"lightweight":[91],"yet":[92],"robust":[93],"deep":[94],"learning-based":[95],"approach":[96],"PPG-based":[98],"HR":[99,112,130],"estimation.":[100],"Specifically,":[101],"derive":[103],"diverse":[105],"set":[106,186],"of":[107,136,158,169,187],"Temporal":[108],"Convolutional":[109],"Networks":[110],"estimation,":[113],"leveraging":[114],"Neural":[115],"Architecture":[116],"Search.":[117],"Moreover,":[118,172],"also":[120],"introduce":[121],"ActPPG,":[122],"an":[123],"adaptive":[124],"algorithm":[125],"that":[126],"selects":[127],"among":[128],"multiple":[129],"estimators":[131],"depending":[132],"amount":[135],"MAs,":[137],"improve":[139],"energy":[140],"efficiency.":[141],"We":[142],"validate":[143],"our":[144,175],"approaches":[145],"two":[147],"benchmark":[148],"datasets,":[149],"achieving":[150],"as":[151,153],"low":[152],"3.84":[154],"beats":[155],"per":[156],"minute":[157],"Mean":[159],"Absolute":[160],"Error":[161],"PPG-Dalia,":[163],"outperforms":[165],"previous":[167],"state":[168],"art.":[171],"deploy":[174],"models":[176],"low-power":[179],"microcontroller":[181],"(STM32L4),":[182],"obtaining":[183],"rich":[185],"Pareto":[188],"optimal":[189],"complexity":[193],"vs.":[194],"accuracy":[195],"space.":[196]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}