{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4200595125","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3487568","title":"Guided Feature Identification and Removal for Resource-constrained Firmware","display_name":"Guided Feature Identification and Removal for Resource-constrained Firmware","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-12-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4200595125","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3487568"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3487568","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3487568","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S142627899","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","issn_l":"1049-331X","issn":["1049-331X","1557-7392"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101718204","display_name":"Ryan Williams","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4706-8999"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12912129","display_name":"Northeastern University","ror":"https://ror.org/04t5xt781","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ryan Williams","raw_affiliation_strings":["Northeastern University, Boston, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4706-8999","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northeastern University, Boston, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084591510","display_name":"Tongwei Ren","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3092-424X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107077323","display_name":"Worcester Polytechnic Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05ejpqr48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107077323"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tongwei Ren","raw_affiliation_strings":["Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107077323"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056233859","display_name":"Lorenzo De Carli","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107077323","display_name":"Worcester Polytechnic Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05ejpqr48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107077323"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lorenzo De Carli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107077323"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013217302","display_name":"Long Lu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1550-479X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12912129","display_name":"Northeastern University","ror":"https://ror.org/04t5xt781","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Long Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Northeastern University, Boston, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northeastern University, Boston, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000073913","display_name":"Gillian Smith","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2765-7702"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107077323","display_name":"Worcester Polytechnic Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05ejpqr48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107077323"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gillian Smith","raw_affiliation_strings":["Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107077323"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101718204"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.7711,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.72437784,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"31","issue":"2","first_page":"1","last_page":"25"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.9325477480888367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/codebase","display_name":"Codebase","score":0.689085841178894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.6192995309829712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.5913515686988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/debugging","display_name":"Debugging","score":0.5348625779151917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.5319801568984985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/source-code","display_name":"Source code","score":0.48774176836013794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/firmware","display_name":"Firmware","score":0.4797012507915497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/workflow","display_name":"Workflow","score":0.4480639696121216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.4339723289012909},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.36938416957855225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.17432641983032227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.13924917578697205}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.9325477480888367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51929080","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2425187","display_name":"Codebase","level":3,"score":0.689085841178894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.6192995309829712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5913515686988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168065819","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q845566","display_name":"Debugging","level":2,"score":0.5348625779151917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.5319801568984985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43126263","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128751","display_name":"Source code","level":2,"score":0.48774176836013794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67212190","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104851","display_name":"Firmware","level":2,"score":0.4797012507915497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177212765","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q627335","display_name":"Workflow","level":2,"score":0.4480639696121216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.4339723289012909},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.36938416957855225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.17432641983032227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.13924917578697205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3487568","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3487568","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S142627899","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","issn_l":"1049-331X","issn":["1049-331X","1557-7392"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:share.osf.io:E014A-DA4-C52","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://osf.io/5n4zf/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401127","display_name":"OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2799848540","host_organization_name":"Center for Open Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799848540"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"project"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5179165483","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"N00014-18-1-2660","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","funder_display_name":"Office of Naval Research"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","display_name":"Office of Naval Research","ror":"https://ror.org/00rk2pe57"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W208073541","https://openalex.org/W1495444061","https://openalex.org/W1984769393","https://openalex.org/W2041853131","https://openalex.org/W2042923641","https://openalex.org/W2068160829","https://openalex.org/W2113476536","https://openalex.org/W2121217767","https://openalex.org/W2121234902","https://openalex.org/W2139543149","https://openalex.org/W2155829706","https://openalex.org/W2155877593","https://openalex.org/W2162800072","https://openalex.org/W2166341446","https://openalex.org/W2170224888","https://openalex.org/W2296383737","https://openalex.org/W2574017551","https://openalex.org/W2741175893","https://openalex.org/W2794859654","https://openalex.org/W2888445849","https://openalex.org/W2891688103","https://openalex.org/W2897338212","https://openalex.org/W2904849530","https://openalex.org/W2921892740","https://openalex.org/W2956105891","https://openalex.org/W3000238650"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2344367508","https://openalex.org/W2571988079","https://openalex.org/W2098629748","https://openalex.org/W4244608052","https://openalex.org/W2147884840","https://openalex.org/W4312050194","https://openalex.org/W3188088379","https://openalex.org/W2997255751","https://openalex.org/W656101134","https://openalex.org/W2810627707"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"IoT":[0,42],"firmware":[1],"oftentimes":[2],"incorporates":[3],"third-party":[4],"components,":[5],"such":[6],"as":[7,92,140],"network-oriented":[8],"middleware":[9],"and":[10,18,35,48,59,77,101,113,137,159,163],"media":[11],"encoders/decoders.":[12],"These":[13],"components":[14],"consist":[15],"of":[16,25,62,72,96,98,125,133],"large":[17],"mature":[19],"codebases,":[20],"shipping":[21],"with":[22,70],"a":[23,88,110,130,169],"variety":[24],"non-critical":[26],"features.":[27,120],"Feature":[28],"bloat":[29],"increases":[30],"code":[31,63,116,128,151,176],"size,":[32],"complicates":[33],"auditing/debugging,":[34],"reduces":[36],"stability.":[37],"This":[38],"is":[39],"problematic":[40],"for":[41,55],"devices,":[43],"which":[44],"are":[45],"severely":[46],"resource-constrained":[47],"must":[49],"remain":[50],"operational":[51],"in":[52],"the":[53,94,123,184],"field":[54],"years.":[56],"Unfortunately,":[57],"identification":[58,186],"complete":[60],"removal":[61,152],"related":[64],"to":[65,104,109,118,154,174],"unwanted":[66,119],"features":[67,103],"requires":[68],"familiarity":[69],"codebases":[71,148],"interest,":[73,99],"cumbersome":[74],"manual":[75,156,175],"effort,":[76],"may":[78],"introduce":[79],"bugs.":[80],"We":[81],"address":[82],"these":[83],"difficulties":[84],"by":[85],"introducing":[86],"PRAT,":[87],"system":[89],"that":[90,179],"takes":[91],"input":[93],"codebase":[95],"software":[97],"identifies":[100],"maps":[102],"code,":[105],"presents":[106],"this":[107],"information":[108],"human":[111],"analyst,":[112],"removes":[114],"all":[115],"belonging":[117],"PRAT":[121,173],"solves":[122],"challenge":[124],"identifying":[126],"feature-related":[127],"through":[129],"novel":[131],"form":[132],"differential":[134],"dynamic":[135],"analysis":[136,177],"visualizes":[138],"results":[139],"user-friendly":[141],"feature":[142,157,185],"graphs":[143],".":[144],"Evaluation":[145],"on":[146],"diverse":[147],"shows":[149,178],"superior":[150],"compared":[153],"both":[155],"deactivation":[158],"state-of-art":[160],"debloating":[161],"tools,":[162],"generality":[164],"across":[165],"programming":[166],"languages.":[167],"Furthermore,":[168],"user":[170],"study":[171],"comparing":[172],"it":[180],"can":[181],"significantly":[182],"simplify":[183],"workflow.":[187]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
