{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3210059027","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3487552.3487813","title":"Tracing your roots","display_name":"Tracing your roots","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3210059027","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3487552.3487813","mag":"3210059027"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3487552.3487813","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3487552.3487813","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 21st ACM Internet Measurement Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087894470","display_name":"Zane Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4501-066X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130701444","display_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zkghx44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zane Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Georgia Institute of Technology"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Georgia Institute of Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062975562","display_name":"James Austgen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-5790-1082"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"James Austgen","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113469293","display_name":"Joshua Mason","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joshua Mason","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069939742","display_name":"Zakir Durumeric","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9647-4192"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zakir Durumeric","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045573429","display_name":"Michael Bailey","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-8425-993X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Bailey","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5087894470"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.5282,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":17,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83817313,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"179","last_page":"194"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/root","display_name":"Root (linguistics)","score":0.8058041334152222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.7143136262893677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6931823492050171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracing","display_name":"Tracing","score":0.5681724548339844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authentication","display_name":"Authentication (law)","score":0.542860209941864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/root-cause","display_name":"Root cause","score":0.5332500338554382},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.4674597382545471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.39515653252601624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.35626184940338135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.13920769095420837}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171078966","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q111029","display_name":"Root (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.8058041334152222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.7143136262893677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6931823492050171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138673069","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q322229","display_name":"Tracing","level":2,"score":0.5681724548339844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148417208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825882","display_name":"Authentication (law)","level":2,"score":0.542860209941864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84945661","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7366567","display_name":"Root cause","level":2,"score":0.5332500338554382},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.4674597382545471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.39515653252601624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.35626184940338135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.13920769095420837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200601418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887","display_name":"Reliability engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3487552.3487813","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3487552.3487813","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 21st ACM Internet Measurement Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Life in Land","score":0.6800000071525574,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W177815939","https://openalex.org/W2013433855","https://openalex.org/W2098383743","https://openalex.org/W2101234009","https://openalex.org/W2104899073","https://openalex.org/W2122538967","https://openalex.org/W2130867912","https://openalex.org/W2146752727","https://openalex.org/W2162600177","https://openalex.org/W2550748725","https://openalex.org/W2552873532","https://openalex.org/W2770049689","https://openalex.org/W2794584163","https://openalex.org/W2805984568","https://openalex.org/W2997591727","https://openalex.org/W3107552365","https://openalex.org/W4233819588"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2030594396","https://openalex.org/W2535098331","https://openalex.org/W4280640835","https://openalex.org/W2885334669","https://openalex.org/W1594076216","https://openalex.org/W3045668461","https://openalex.org/W4255366506","https://openalex.org/W2202104725","https://openalex.org/W2354546531","https://openalex.org/W2056250485"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Secure":[0],"TLS":[1,63],"server":[2],"authentication":[3],"depends":[4],"on":[5],"reliable":[6],"trust":[7,19,32],"anchors.":[8],"The":[9],"fault":[10],"intolerant":[11],"design":[12],"of":[13,30,57,62,88,104],"today's":[14],"system---where":[15],"a":[16,36,44,71],"single":[17],"compromised":[18],"anchor":[20,33],"can":[21],"impersonate":[22],"nearly":[23,78],"all":[24,79],"web":[25],"entities---necessitates":[26],"the":[27,48,54,102],"careful":[28],"assessment":[29],"each":[31],"found":[34],"in":[35],"root":[37,49,74,90,106,112],"store.":[38],"In":[39],"this":[40],"work,":[41],"we":[42],"present":[43],"first":[45],"look":[46],"at":[47],"store":[50,75,107],"ecosystem":[51],"that":[52],"underlies":[53],"accelerating":[55],"deployment":[56],"TLS.":[58],"Our":[59],"broad":[60],"collection":[61],"user":[64,80],"agents,":[65],"libraries,":[66],"and":[67,94],"operating":[68],"systems":[69],"reveals":[70],"surprisingly":[72],"condensed":[73],"ecosystem,":[76],"with":[77],"agents":[81],"ultimately":[82],"deriving":[83],"their":[84],"roots":[85],"from":[86],"one":[87],"three":[89],"programs:":[91],"Apple,":[92],"Microsoft,":[93],"NSS.":[95],"This":[96],"inverted":[97],"pyramid":[98],"structure":[99],"further":[100],"magnifies":[101],"importance":[103],"judicious":[105],"management":[108],"by":[109],"these":[110],"foundational":[111],"programs.":[113]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2021-11-08T00:00:00"}