{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4200533183","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3487062","title":"Why Do Developers Reject Refactorings in Open-Source Projects?","display_name":"Why Do Developers Reject Refactorings in Open-Source Projects?","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-12-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4200533183","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3487062"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3487062","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3487062","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S142627899","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","issn_l":"1049-331X","issn":["1049-331X","1557-7392"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082856373","display_name":"Jevgenija Pantiuchina","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57201433","display_name":"Universit\u00e0 della Svizzera italiana","ror":"https://ror.org/03c4atk17","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57201433"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jevgenija Pantiuchina","raw_affiliation_strings":["Software Institute, Universit\u00e0 della Svizzera italiana, Lugano, Switzerland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Software Institute, Universit\u00e0 della Svizzera italiana, Lugano, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57201433"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032251414","display_name":"Bin Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6307-8460"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57201433","display_name":"Universit\u00e0 della Svizzera italiana","ror":"https://ror.org/03c4atk17","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57201433"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bin Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Software Institute, Universit\u00e0 della Svizzera italiana, Lugano, Switzerland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Software Institute, Universit\u00e0 della Svizzera italiana, Lugano, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57201433"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006441254","display_name":"Fiorella Zampetti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7098-8964"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16337185","display_name":"University of Sannio","ror":"https://ror.org/04vc81p87","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16337185"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fiorella Zampetti","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16337185"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025099559","display_name":"Massimiliano Di Penta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0340-9747"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16337185","display_name":"University of Sannio","ror":"https://ror.org/04vc81p87","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16337185"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Massimiliano Di Penta","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16337185"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038257395","display_name":"Michele Lanza","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4391-0197"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57201433","display_name":"Universit\u00e0 della Svizzera italiana","ror":"https://ror.org/03c4atk17","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57201433"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michele Lanza","raw_affiliation_strings":["Software Institute, Universit\u00e0 della Svizzera italiana, Lugano, Switzerland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Software Institute, Universit\u00e0 della Svizzera italiana, Lugano, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57201433"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056526226","display_name":"Gabriele Bavota","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2216-3148"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57201433","display_name":"Universit\u00e0 della Svizzera italiana","ror":"https://ror.org/03c4atk17","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57201433"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gabriele Bavota","raw_affiliation_strings":["Software Institute, Universit\u00e0 della Svizzera italiana, Lugano, Switzerland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Software Institute, Universit\u00e0 della Svizzera italiana, Lugano, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57201433"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5082856373"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57201433"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.2752,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90578119,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"31","issue":"2","first_page":"1","last_page":"23"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.992900013923645,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12423","display_name":"Software Reliability and Analysis Research","score":0.9894000291824341,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code-refactoring","display_name":"Code refactoring","score":0.9972558617591858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7415966987609863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/java","display_name":"Java","score":0.6421977877616882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code-smell","display_name":"Code smell","score":0.5768853425979614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.5707398056983948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","score":0.49097374081611633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/source-code","display_name":"Source code","score":0.4893321394920349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/taxonomy","display_name":"Taxonomy (biology)","score":0.46623560786247253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.4590981602668762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/open-source","display_name":"Open source","score":0.43594443798065186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-quality","display_name":"Software quality","score":0.43319547176361084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.4139527380466461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.33723485469818115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-development","display_name":"Software development","score":0.2847440242767334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.07055160403251648}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152752567","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q116877","display_name":"Code refactoring","level":3,"score":0.9972558617591858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7415966987609863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548217200","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251","display_name":"Java","level":2,"score":0.6421977877616882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133237599","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2295111","display_name":"Code smell","level":5,"score":0.5768853425979614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.5707398056983948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.49097374081611633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43126263","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128751","display_name":"Source code","level":2,"score":0.4893321394920349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58642233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8269924","display_name":"Taxonomy (biology)","level":2,"score":0.46623560786247253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.4590981602668762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018397939","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3644502","display_name":"Open source","level":3,"score":0.43594443798065186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117447612","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1412670","display_name":"Software quality","level":4,"score":0.43319547176361084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.4139527380466461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.33723485469818115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C529173508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q638608","display_name":"Software development","level":3,"score":0.2847440242767334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.07055160403251648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3487062","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3487062","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S142627899","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","issn_l":"1049-331X","issn":["1049-331X","1557-7392"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4099999964237213,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17","display_name":"Partnerships for the goals"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G572902218","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"172479 and 183587","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320924","funder_display_name":"Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F\u00f6rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320924","display_name":"Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F\u00f6rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung","ror":"https://ror.org/00yjd3n13"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W170749380","https://openalex.org/W1506512744","https://openalex.org/W1524601730","https://openalex.org/W1543330234","https://openalex.org/W1773448242","https://openalex.org/W2019348938","https://openalex.org/W2023844160","https://openalex.org/W2024527596","https://openalex.org/W2046263206","https://openalex.org/W2074742550","https://openalex.org/W2089910927","https://openalex.org/W2110065044","https://openalex.org/W2113157806","https://openalex.org/W2127771512","https://openalex.org/W2139876174","https://openalex.org/W2146272590","https://openalex.org/W2153887189","https://openalex.org/W2156448859","https://openalex.org/W2167271913","https://openalex.org/W2168248828","https://openalex.org/W2339971975","https://openalex.org/W2628313209","https://openalex.org/W2890432166","https://openalex.org/W2913184612","https://openalex.org/W2914825488","https://openalex.org/W2944080842","https://openalex.org/W2969797873","https://openalex.org/W2995892549","https://openalex.org/W3089202867","https://openalex.org/W3105133011","https://openalex.org/W4206002915","https://openalex.org/W4206495260","https://openalex.org/W4214512383","https://openalex.org/W4231272442","https://openalex.org/W4235330579","https://openalex.org/W4237115345","https://openalex.org/W4239652717","https://openalex.org/W4241316223","https://openalex.org/W4253628398","https://openalex.org/W4285790041","https://openalex.org/W4288076432","https://openalex.org/W4302039922"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2780981476","https://openalex.org/W3166181464","https://openalex.org/W2955607951","https://openalex.org/W2946499381","https://openalex.org/W2187939805","https://openalex.org/W125071098","https://openalex.org/W2517910349","https://openalex.org/W1967507788","https://openalex.org/W3153400467","https://openalex.org/W2088986462"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Refactoring":[0],"operations":[1],"are":[2,24],"behavior-preserving":[3],"changes":[4],"aimed":[5],"at":[6],"improving":[7],"source":[8],"code":[9,29],"quality.":[10,53],"While":[11],"refactoring":[12,19,38,134,147],"is":[13],"largely":[14],"considered":[15],"a":[16,57,99,138],"good":[17],"practice,":[18],"proposals":[20],"in":[21,59,98],"pull":[22,70],"requests":[23,71],"often":[25],"rejected":[26],"after":[27],"the":[28,32,35,93],"review.":[30],"Understanding":[31],"reasons":[33,65,107],"behind":[34],"rejection":[36,64,89,106,111],"of":[37,86,103,140],"contributions":[39,46],"can":[40,47,143],"shed":[41],"light":[42],"on":[43,127],"how":[44,128],"such":[45],"be":[48],"improved,":[49],"essentially":[50],"benefiting":[51],"software":[52],"This":[54],"article":[55],"reports":[56],"study":[58,96],"which":[60],"we":[61],"manually":[62],"coded":[63],"inferred":[66],"from":[67,72],"330":[68],"refactoring-related":[69,105],"207":[73],"open-source":[74],"Java":[75],"projects.":[76],"We":[77],"surveyed":[78],"267":[79],"developers":[80,123],"to":[81,129],"assess":[82],"their":[83,133],"perceived":[84],"prevalence":[85],"these":[87],"identified":[88],"reasons,":[90],"further":[91],"complementing":[92],"reasons.":[94,112],"Our":[95],"resulted":[97],"comprehensive":[100],"taxonomy":[101],"consisting":[102],"26":[104],"and":[108,119,131,136],"21":[109],"process-related":[110],"The":[113],"taxonomy,":[114],"accompanied":[115],"with":[116,124],"representative":[117],"examples":[118],"highlighted":[120],"implications,":[121],"provides":[122],"valuable":[125],"insights":[126],"ponder":[130],"polish":[132],"contributions,":[135],"indicates":[137],"number":[139],"directions":[141],"researchers":[142],"pursue":[144],"toward":[145],"better":[146],"recommenders.":[148]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-05T17:49:38.594831","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}