{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3217045690","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3486626.3493438","title":"Predicting urban flooding susceptibility of public transit systems using machine learning approaches","display_name":"Predicting urban flooding susceptibility of public transit systems using machine learning approaches","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-11-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3217045690","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3486626.3493438","mag":"3217045690"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3486626.3493438","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3486626.3493438","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 4th ACM SIGSPATIAL International Workshop on Advances in Resilient and Intelligent Cities","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085083471","display_name":"Naser Ahmed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2775-0592"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125749732","display_name":"Western University","ror":"https://ror.org/02grkyz14","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125749732"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Naser Ahmed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Western University, London, Ontario, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Western University, London, Ontario, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125749732"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100725773","display_name":"Jinhyung Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1859-3441"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125749732","display_name":"Western University","ror":"https://ror.org/02grkyz14","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125749732"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jinhyung Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Western University, London, Ontario, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Western University, London, Ontario, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125749732"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5085083471"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125749732"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.1095,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.49138314,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"32","last_page":"41"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10930","display_name":"Flood Risk Assessment and Management","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10930","display_name":"Flood Risk Assessment and Management","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11483","display_name":"Tropical and Extratropical Cyclones Research","score":0.9958000183105469,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11186","display_name":"Hydrology and Drought Analysis","score":0.9818000197410583,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flooding","display_name":"Flooding (psychology)","score":0.801364541053772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flood-myth","display_name":"Flood myth","score":0.7716017365455627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urbanization","display_name":"Urbanization","score":0.5877254605293274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-transport","display_name":"Public transport","score":0.5621715784072876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flood-mitigation","display_name":"Flood mitigation","score":0.46870678663253784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4577462077140808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.4556856155395508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/climate-change","display_name":"Climate change","score":0.4123039245605469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.3579176962375641},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hydrology","display_name":"Hydrology (agriculture)","score":0.3421128988265991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transport-engineering","display_name":"Transport engineering","score":0.2629995048046112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.13160386681556702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.0823761522769928}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186594467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1429176","display_name":"Flooding (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.801364541053772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74256435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q134052","display_name":"Flood myth","level":2,"score":0.7716017365455627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39853841","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161078","display_name":"Urbanization","level":2,"score":0.5877254605293274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539828613","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178512","display_name":"Public transport","level":2,"score":0.5621715784072876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777420705","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5460072","display_name":"Flood mitigation","level":3,"score":0.46870678663253784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4577462077140808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.4556856155395508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132651083","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7942","display_name":"Climate change","level":2,"score":0.4123039245605469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.3579176962375641},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76886044","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2883300","display_name":"Hydrology (agriculture)","level":2,"score":0.3421128988265991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22212356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775325","display_name":"Transport engineering","level":1,"score":0.2629995048046112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.13160386681556702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0823761522769928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187320778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1349130","display_name":"Geotechnical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C542102704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183257","display_name":"Psychotherapist","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3486626.3493438","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3486626.3493438","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 4th ACM SIGSPATIAL International Workshop on Advances in Resilient and Intelligent Cities","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.5099999904632568,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1965302626","https://openalex.org/W1972183204","https://openalex.org/W1974614011","https://openalex.org/W1995326552","https://openalex.org/W2031338608","https://openalex.org/W2074875525","https://openalex.org/W2223806373","https://openalex.org/W2532227054","https://openalex.org/W2580774552","https://openalex.org/W2687996299","https://openalex.org/W2761698665","https://openalex.org/W2783600339","https://openalex.org/W2790785337","https://openalex.org/W2791328889","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2973053290","https://openalex.org/W2999591966","https://openalex.org/W3008373375","https://openalex.org/W3046846028","https://openalex.org/W3093495213"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2031888665","https://openalex.org/W2923835640","https://openalex.org/W2913922657","https://openalex.org/W2500590686","https://openalex.org/W3206762629","https://openalex.org/W2592582405","https://openalex.org/W4291250557","https://openalex.org/W2074479402","https://openalex.org/W4376508558","https://openalex.org/W2938519620"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Urban":[0],"floods":[1,34,190],"often":[2],"cause":[3],"the":[4,50,68,105,149,158,204,211,218],"functional":[5],"disruption":[6],"of":[7,32,53,71,138,143,161,171,203,213,220],"public":[8,54,72,179,214],"transit":[9,55,73,180,215],"systems,":[10],"thereby":[11],"impeding":[12],"people's":[13],"mobility":[14],"and":[15,25,38,94,111,119,129,140,199,222,227,235],"resulting":[16],"in":[17,57,197,217],"adverse":[18],"socio-economic":[19],"consequences.":[20],"Climate":[21],"change,":[22],"rapid":[23],"urbanization,":[24],"unplanned":[26],"disaster":[27],"management":[28],"further":[29],"increase":[30],"trends":[31],"urban":[33],"with":[35,193],"higher":[36,173],"frequency":[37],"intensity.":[39],"This":[40],"study":[41,205],"employs":[42],"data-driven":[43],"machine":[44],"learning":[45],"(ML)":[46],"models":[47,166],"for":[48,135],"predicting":[49],"flooding":[51,78,101,195],"susceptibility":[52],"systems":[56,74,181,216],"Toronto,":[58],"ON,":[59],"Canada.":[60],"Four":[61],"ML":[62,145,162],"approaches":[63],"are":[64,124,186],"employed":[65],"to":[66,126,156,189,209,229],"evaluate":[67,157],"future":[69],"risks":[70],"being":[75],"inundated":[76],"by":[77,117],"events:":[79],"1)":[80],"Random":[81],"Forest":[82],"(RF);":[83],"2)":[84],"eXtreme":[85],"Gradient":[86],"Boosting":[87],"(XGBoost);":[88],"3)":[89],"K":[90],"Nearest":[91],"Neighbor":[92],"(KNN);":[93],"4)":[95],"Na\u00efve":[96],"Bayes":[97],"(NB).":[98],"We":[99,147],"estimate":[100],"probability":[102],"based":[103],"on":[104],"relationship":[106],"between":[107],"flood":[108,128,238],"inundation":[109],"events":[110],"their":[112],"contributing":[113],"factors.":[114],"Flood-plain":[115],"maps":[116],"Toronto":[118,221],"Region":[120],"Conservation":[121],"Authority":[122],"(TRCA)":[123],"used":[125],"generate":[127],"non-flood":[130],"locations":[131],"as":[132],"a":[133,168],"basis":[134],"training":[136],"(70%":[137],"samples)":[139,144],"validating":[141],"(30%":[142],"models.":[146,163],"use":[148],"Area-Under":[150],"Receiver":[151],"Operating":[152],"Characteristic":[153],"(AUROC)":[154],"curve":[155],"prediction":[159],"results":[160,177],"All":[164],"four":[165],"show":[167],"high":[169],"level":[170],"accuracy":[172],"than":[174],"95%.":[175],"Our":[176],"demonstrate":[178],"near":[182],"major":[183],"river":[184],"channels":[185],"highly":[187],"susceptible":[188],"which":[191],"corroborated":[192],"historical":[194],"incidents":[196],"2013":[198],"2018.":[200],"The":[201],"outcome":[202],"can":[206,223],"be":[207],"helpful":[208],"enhance":[210],"resilience":[212],"city":[219],"facilitate":[224],"evidence-based":[225],"planning":[226],"policy":[228],"make":[230],"cities":[231],"more":[232],"sustainable,":[233],"livable,":[234],"resilient":[236],"against":[237],"hazards.":[239]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}