{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4200007789","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3486011.3486492","title":"Fake news and hate speech: who is to blame?","display_name":"Fake news and hate speech: who is to blame?","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-10-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4200007789","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3486011.3486492"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3486011.3486492","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3486011.3486492","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608200","display_name":"Ninth International Conference on Technological Ecosystems for Enhancing Multiculturality (TEEM'21)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Ninth International Conference on Technological Ecosystems for Enhancing Multiculturality (TEEM'21)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003498311","display_name":"David Blanco\u2010Herrero","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7414-2998"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184999862","display_name":"Universidad de Salamanca","ror":"https://ror.org/02f40zc51","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184999862"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"David Blanco-Herrero","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Salamanca, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Salamanca, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184999862"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041814033","display_name":"Patricia S\u00e1nchez\u2010Holgado","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6253-7087"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184999862","display_name":"Universidad de Salamanca","ror":"https://ror.org/02f40zc51","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184999862"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Patricia S\u00e1nchez-Holgado","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Salamanca, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Salamanca, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184999862"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5003498311"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184999862"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.505,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82431899,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"448","last_page":"451"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11147","display_name":"Misinformation and Its Impacts","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11147","display_name":"Misinformation and Its Impacts","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12262","display_name":"Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10557","display_name":"Social Media and Politics","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3315","display_name":"Communication"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disinformation","display_name":"Disinformation","score":0.9689940214157104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hatred","display_name":"Hatred","score":0.8885962963104248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blame","display_name":"Blame","score":0.8018999099731445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fake-news","display_name":"Fake news","score":0.7253512144088745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ideology","display_name":"Ideology","score":0.6106337308883667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/politics","display_name":"Politics","score":0.5904704332351685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.4950363039970398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-privacy","display_name":"Internet privacy","score":0.4428812265396118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversarial-system","display_name":"Adversarial system","score":0.4222880005836487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/production","display_name":"Production (economics)","score":0.42151740193367004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/advertising","display_name":"Advertising","score":0.33776307106018066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-relations","display_name":"Public relations","score":0.33680465817451477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.33251065015792847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.2853204011917114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-psychology","display_name":"Social psychology","score":0.2684227228164673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-media","display_name":"Social media","score":0.2646774649620056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.1794109046459198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law","display_name":"Law","score":0.1308746337890625}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776552730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189656","display_name":"Disinformation","level":3,"score":0.9689940214157104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780617971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160232","display_name":"Hatred","level":3,"score":0.8885962963104248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781466463","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q621695","display_name":"Blame","level":2,"score":0.8018999099731445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779756789","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28549308","display_name":"Fake news","level":2,"score":0.7253512144088745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158071213","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7257","display_name":"Ideology","level":3,"score":0.6106337308883667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.5904704332351685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.4950363039970398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.4428812265396118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.4222880005836487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778348673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q739302","display_name":"Production (economics)","level":2,"score":0.42151740193367004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112698675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37038","display_name":"Advertising","level":1,"score":0.33776307106018066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39549134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080","display_name":"Public relations","level":1,"score":0.33680465817451477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.33251065015792847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.2853204011917114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.2684227228164673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C518677369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202833","display_name":"Social media","level":2,"score":0.2646774649620056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.1794109046459198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.1308746337890625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139719470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39680","display_name":"Macroeconomics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3486011.3486492","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3486011.3486492","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608200","display_name":"Ninth International Conference on Technological Ecosystems for Enhancing Multiculturality (TEEM'21)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Ninth International Conference on Technological Ecosystems for Enhancing Multiculturality (TEEM'21)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/5","display_name":"Gender equality","score":0.6399999856948853}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2109968903","https://openalex.org/W2319771556","https://openalex.org/W2582561810","https://openalex.org/W2737827343","https://openalex.org/W2751589903","https://openalex.org/W2790166049","https://openalex.org/W2891163418","https://openalex.org/W2897915990","https://openalex.org/W2951039814","https://openalex.org/W2988901398","https://openalex.org/W3091840699","https://openalex.org/W3094626248","https://openalex.org/W3121274724","https://openalex.org/W3122907670","https://openalex.org/W4237074543"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3120934925","https://openalex.org/W2973323955","https://openalex.org/W4283756172","https://openalex.org/W3206164673","https://openalex.org/W3126983531","https://openalex.org/W3188086985","https://openalex.org/W2946560144","https://openalex.org/W3025084970","https://openalex.org/W3111061658","https://openalex.org/W3012748561"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Fake":[0],"news":[1,55],"and":[2,29,37,52,69,76,119,127],"hate":[3,50,57],"speech":[4,51],"are":[5,40,105],"among":[6],"the":[7,27,45,129],"biggest":[8],"challenges":[9],"of":[10,31,47,107,117],"online":[11],"communication.":[12],"A":[13],"survey":[14],"to":[15,20,91,97,124,131],"421":[16],"Spanish":[17],"citizens":[18,89],"tries":[19],"discover":[21],"who":[22],"they":[23],"consider":[24],"responsible":[25],"for":[26,44,53],"production":[28,46],"spread":[30],"these":[32,82],"phenomena.":[33,83],"In":[34],"general,":[35],"politicians":[36],"radical":[38],"groups":[39],"most":[41,79],"commonly":[42],"blamed":[43],"fake":[48,54],"news,":[49],"spreading":[56],"speech,":[58],"although":[59],"important":[60],"differences":[61],"can":[62],"be":[63],"found":[64],"based":[65],"on":[66],"gender,":[67],"age":[68],"political":[70],"ideology,":[71],"being":[72],"women,":[73],"older":[74],"people":[75,78],"left-wing":[77],"worried":[80],"about":[81],"The":[84],"study":[85],"also":[86],"observed":[87],"that":[88,93],"tend":[90],"believe":[92],"those":[94,101],"producing":[95],"and,":[96],"a":[98,114],"lesser":[99],"extent,":[100],"sharing":[102],"this":[103],"content":[104],"aware":[106],"its":[108],"potential":[109],"consequences.":[110],"These":[111],"observations":[112],"allow":[113],"deeper":[115],"understanding":[116],"disinformation":[118],"hatred,":[120],"helping":[121],"designing":[122],"strategies":[123],"combat":[125],"them,":[126],"highlighting":[128],"need":[130],"approach":[132],"them":[133],"together.":[134]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
