{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4200515817","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3485832.3485880","title":"Physical Logic Bombs in 3D Printers via Emerging 4D Techniques","display_name":"Physical Logic Bombs in 3D Printers via Emerging 4D Techniques","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-12-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4200515817","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3485832.3485880"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3485832.3485880","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3485832.3485880","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306417673","display_name":"Annual Computer Security Applications Conference","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annual Computer Security Applications Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102933377","display_name":"Tuan Le","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3374-5979"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210096112","display_name":"Rutgers Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights","ror":"https://ror.org/00rcvgx40","country_code":"NL","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210096112"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tuan Le","raw_affiliation_strings":["Rutgers University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rutgers University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210096112"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031084922","display_name":"Sriharsha Etigowni","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102322142","display_name":"Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey","ror":"https://ror.org/05vt9qd57","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102322142"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sriharsha Etigowni","raw_affiliation_strings":["Rutgers University, United States of America"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rutgers University, United States of America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102322142"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074427805","display_name":"Sizhuang Liang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130701444","display_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zkghx44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sizhuang Liang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Georgia Institute of Technology"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Georgia Institute of Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082292533","display_name":"Xirui Peng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6654-3831"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130701444","display_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zkghx44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xirui Peng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Georgia Institute of Technology"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Georgia Institute of Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112998385","display_name":"Jerry Qi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130701444","display_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zkghx44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jerry Qi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Georgia Institute of Technology"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Georgia Institute of Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002277845","display_name":"Mehdi Javanmard","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6297-392X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210096112","display_name":"Rutgers Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights","ror":"https://ror.org/00rcvgx40","country_code":"NL","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210096112"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mehdi Javanmard","raw_affiliation_strings":["Rutgers University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rutgers University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210096112"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059269246","display_name":"Saman Zonouz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9047-4047"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210096112","display_name":"Rutgers Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights","ror":"https://ror.org/00rcvgx40","country_code":"NL","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210096112"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Saman Zonouz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Rutgers University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rutgers University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210096112"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033073212","display_name":"Raheem Beyah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9188-3464"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130701444","display_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zkghx44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Raheem Beyah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Georgia Institute of Technology"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Georgia Institute of Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5102933377"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210096112"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.7392,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.71406086,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"732","last_page":"747"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10783","display_name":"Additive Manufacturing and 3D Printing Technologies","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10783","display_name":"Additive Manufacturing and 3D Printing Technologies","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11601","display_name":"Neuroscience and Neural Engineering","score":0.9861999750137329,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2804","display_name":"Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leverage","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","score":0.7289009690284729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aerospace","display_name":"Aerospace","score":0.7239667177200317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6386037468910217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rapid-prototyping","display_name":"Rapid prototyping","score":0.5493223667144775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.5477749705314636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automotive-industry","display_name":"Automotive industry","score":0.5175244808197021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/3d-printing","display_name":"3D printing","score":0.485664963722229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dimension","display_name":"Dimension (graph theory)","score":0.43483930826187134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.41433918476104736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.3219471573829651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.2615819573402405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanical-engineering","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","score":0.13959327340126038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.13586488366127014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aerospace-engineering","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","score":0.09811446070671082}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153083717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6535263","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.7289009690284729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167740415","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2876213","display_name":"Aerospace","level":2,"score":0.7239667177200317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6386037468910217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780395129","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1128971","display_name":"Rapid prototyping","level":2,"score":0.5493223667144775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5477749705314636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C526921623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190117","display_name":"Automotive industry","level":2,"score":0.5175244808197021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C524769229","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q229367","display_name":"3D printing","level":2,"score":0.485664963722229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33676613","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13415176","display_name":"Dimension (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.43483930826187134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.41433918476104736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3219471573829651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2615819573402405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.13959327340126038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.13586488366127014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.09811446070671082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3485832.3485880","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3485832.3485880","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306417673","display_name":"Annual Computer Security Applications Conference","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annual Computer Security Applications Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.47999998927116394,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7846535497","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CMMI-1739467, CMMI-1932146, CPS-1739259, CPS-1931977","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W178290327","https://openalex.org/W1982594547","https://openalex.org/W1984134993","https://openalex.org/W1985847842","https://openalex.org/W1995105354","https://openalex.org/W2012241126","https://openalex.org/W2024534945","https://openalex.org/W2025056376","https://openalex.org/W2102244794","https://openalex.org/W2128160875","https://openalex.org/W2138294521","https://openalex.org/W2270997427","https://openalex.org/W2336992486","https://openalex.org/W2351765604","https://openalex.org/W2474167986","https://openalex.org/W2514284262","https://openalex.org/W2519831124","https://openalex.org/W2522987309","https://openalex.org/W2537385619","https://openalex.org/W2587059979","https://openalex.org/W2594832926","https://openalex.org/W2599858443","https://openalex.org/W2605898329","https://openalex.org/W2613412685","https://openalex.org/W2619672494","https://openalex.org/W2686900739","https://openalex.org/W2734828643","https://openalex.org/W2770149524","https://openalex.org/W2795511690","https://openalex.org/W2884884892","https://openalex.org/W3032910433","https://openalex.org/W4244569713","https://openalex.org/W4246376265","https://openalex.org/W4251777722","https://openalex.org/W4289038676"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3021648695","https://openalex.org/W2268908313","https://openalex.org/W4223942653","https://openalex.org/W2336405346","https://openalex.org/W2340090696","https://openalex.org/W3142171456","https://openalex.org/W4303437412","https://openalex.org/W2772358881","https://openalex.org/W4226238230","https://openalex.org/W4390815210"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Rapid":[0],"prototyping":[1],"makes":[2],"additive":[3],"manufacturing":[4,68,91],"(or":[5],"3D":[6,34],"printing)":[7],"useful":[8],"in":[9,119,132],"critical":[10,133],"application":[11],"domains":[12],"such":[13,135],"as":[14,136],"aerospace,":[15],"automotive,":[16],"and":[17,110],"medical.":[18],"The":[19],"rapid":[20],"expansion":[21],"of":[22,29,33,46,57,82,113],"these":[23],"applications":[24,134],"should":[25],"prompt":[26],"the":[27,30,54,80,83,90,108,114,128],"examination":[28],"underlying":[31],"security":[32],"printed":[35,50,115],"objects.":[36,116],"In":[37],"this":[38],"paper,":[39],"we":[40],"present":[41],"Mystique,":[42],"a":[43,95],"novel":[44],"class":[45],"stealthy":[47],"attacks":[48],"on":[49],"objects":[51,75,129],"that":[52,99],"leverage":[53],"fourth":[55],"dimension":[56],"emerging":[58],"4D":[59],"printing":[60],"technology":[61],"to":[62,76,93,106],"introduce":[63],"embedded":[64],"logic":[65,84,97],"bombs":[66],"through":[67],"process":[69,92],"manipulation.":[70],"Mystique":[71],"enables":[72],"visually":[73],"benign":[74],"behave":[77],"maliciously":[78],"upon":[79],"activation":[81],"bomb":[85,98],"during":[86],"operation.":[87],"It":[88],"leverages":[89],"embed":[94],"physical":[96,109],"can":[100,121],"be":[101],"triggered":[102],"with":[103],"specific":[104],"stimuli":[105],"change":[107],"mechanical":[111],"properties":[112,120],"These":[117],"changes":[118],"potentially":[122],"cause":[123],"catastrophic":[124],"operational":[125],"failures":[126],"when":[127],"are":[130],"used":[131],"drones,":[137],"prosthesis,":[138],"or":[139],"medical":[140],"applications.":[141]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}