{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4224312275","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3485447.3512045","title":"Interpreting BERT-based Text Similarity via Activation and Saliency Maps","display_name":"Interpreting BERT-based Text Similarity via Activation and Saliency Maps","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-04-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4224312275","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3485447.3512045"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3485447.3512045","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3485447.3512045","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608783","display_name":"Proceedings of the ACM Web Conference 2022","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM Web Conference 2022","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067773841","display_name":"Itzik Malkiel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4151-9119"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16391192","display_name":"Tel Aviv University","ror":"https://ror.org/04mhzgx49","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16391192"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210125051","display_name":"Microsoft (Israel)","ror":"https://ror.org/03819cc96","country_code":"IL","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253","https://openalex.org/I4210125051"]}],"countries":["IL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Itzik Malkiel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft, Israel and Tel-Aviv University, Israel"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft, Israel and Tel-Aviv University, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16391192","https://openalex.org/I4210125051"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102868612","display_name":"Dvir Ginzburg","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-8453"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16391192","display_name":"Tel Aviv University","ror":"https://ror.org/04mhzgx49","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16391192"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210125051","display_name":"Microsoft (Israel)","ror":"https://ror.org/03819cc96","country_code":"IL","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253","https://openalex.org/I4210125051"]}],"countries":["IL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dvir Ginzburg","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft, Israel and Tel-Aviv University, Israel"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft, Israel and Tel-Aviv University, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16391192","https://openalex.org/I4210125051"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077269072","display_name":"Oren Barkan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5059-0905"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I164950643","display_name":"Open University of Israel","ror":"https://ror.org/027z64205","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I164950643"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210125051","display_name":"Microsoft (Israel)","ror":"https://ror.org/03819cc96","country_code":"IL","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253","https://openalex.org/I4210125051"]}],"countries":["IL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Oren Barkan","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Open University, Israel and Microsoft, Israel"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Open University, Israel and Microsoft, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I164950643","https://openalex.org/I4210125051"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077903013","display_name":"Avi Caciularu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0573-1075"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I13955877","display_name":"Bar-Ilan University","ror":"https://ror.org/03kgsv495","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I13955877"]}],"countries":["IL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Avi Caciularu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bar-Ilan University, Israel"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bar-Ilan University, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I13955877"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057343912","display_name":"Jonathan Weill","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-4582-9406"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210125051","display_name":"Microsoft (Israel)","ror":"https://ror.org/03819cc96","country_code":"IL","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253","https://openalex.org/I4210125051"]}],"countries":["IL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jonathan Weill","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft, Israel"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210125051"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083002103","display_name":"Noam Koenigstein","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8219-4512"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16391192","display_name":"Tel Aviv University","ror":"https://ror.org/04mhzgx49","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16391192"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210125051","display_name":"Microsoft (Israel)","ror":"https://ror.org/03819cc96","country_code":"IL","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253","https://openalex.org/I4210125051"]}],"countries":["IL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Noam Koenigstein","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft, Israel and Tel-Aviv University, Israel"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft, Israel and Tel-Aviv University, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16391192","https://openalex.org/I4210125051"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.3733,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":24,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9377162,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"3259","last_page":"3268"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.9958999752998352,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6428560018539429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/similarity","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","score":0.6315436959266663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5408125519752502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.42445090413093567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3823416531085968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.08924216032028198}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6428560018539429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103278499","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254465","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","level":3,"score":0.6315436959266663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5408125519752502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.42445090413093567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3823416531085968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.08924216032028198}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3485447.3512045","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3485447.3512045","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608783","display_name":"Proceedings of the ACM Web Conference 2022","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM Web Conference 2022","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1849277567","https://openalex.org/W2067191022","https://openalex.org/W2085040216","https://openalex.org/W2090645352","https://openalex.org/W2141200610","https://openalex.org/W2250539671","https://openalex.org/W2282821441","https://openalex.org/W2471768434","https://openalex.org/W2788007910","https://openalex.org/W2799194071","https://openalex.org/W2963233086","https://openalex.org/W2963847595","https://openalex.org/W2964341035","https://openalex.org/W2970863760","https://openalex.org/W2978524555","https://openalex.org/W2984100107","https://openalex.org/W2995528912","https://openalex.org/W2997051142","https://openalex.org/W3015536952","https://openalex.org/W3035009410","https://openalex.org/W3038035611","https://openalex.org/W3088043608","https://openalex.org/W3101748278","https://openalex.org/W3127879071","https://openalex.org/W3153353450","https://openalex.org/W3176196997","https://openalex.org/W3208147779","https://openalex.org/W3210485726","https://openalex.org/W3210684683","https://openalex.org/W4226257613","https://openalex.org/W4230405732","https://openalex.org/W4401201189"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2033914206","https://openalex.org/W2042327336","https://openalex.org/W3204019825"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recently,":[0],"there":[1],"has":[2,99,115],"been":[3,100],"growing":[4],"interest":[5],"in":[6,28,39,80],"the":[7,29,31,78,85,91,94],"ability":[8],"of":[9,16,64],"Transformer-based":[10],"models":[11],"to":[12],"produce":[13],"meaningful":[14],"embeddings":[15],"text":[17,23],"with":[18,125],"several":[19],"applications,":[20],"such":[21],"as":[22],"similarity.":[24],"Despite":[25],"significant":[26],"progress":[27],"field,":[30],"explanations":[32],"for":[33,50],"similarity":[34,92],"predictions":[35],"remain":[36],"challenging,":[37],"especially":[38],"unsupervised":[40,48],"settings.":[41],"In":[42],"this":[43],"work,":[44],"we":[45],"present":[46],"an":[47],"technique":[49,67],"explaining":[51],"paragraph":[52],"similarities":[53],"inferred":[54],"by":[55,102],"pre-trained":[56],"BERT":[57],"models.":[58],"By":[59],"looking":[60],"at":[61],"a":[62],"pair":[63],"paragraphs,":[65,82,114],"our":[66],"identifies":[68],"important":[69,87],"words":[70,79],"that":[71,89,122],"dictate":[72],"each":[73],"paragraph\u2019s":[74],"semantics,":[75],"matches":[76],"between":[77,93],"both":[81],"and":[83,106,112],"retrieves":[84],"most":[86],"pairs":[88],"explain":[90],"two.":[95],"The":[96],"method,":[97],"which":[98],"assessed":[101],"extensive":[103],"human":[104,126],"evaluations":[105],"demonstrated":[107],"on":[108],"datasets":[109],"comprising":[110],"long":[111],"complex":[113],"shown":[116],"great":[117],"promise,":[118],"providing":[119],"accurate":[120],"interpretations":[121],"correlate":[123],"better":[124],"perceptions.":[127]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-30T17:31:21.811387","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}