{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3005276469","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3485135","title":"What You See is What it Means! Semantic Representation Learning of Code based on Visualization and Transfer Learning","display_name":"What You See is What it Means! Semantic Representation Learning of Code based on Visualization and Transfer Learning","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-12-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3005276469","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3485135","mag":"3005276469"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3485135","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3485135","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3485135","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S142627899","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","issn_l":"1049-331X","issn":["1049-331X","1557-7392"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3485135","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031345288","display_name":"Patrick Keller","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I186903577","display_name":"University of Luxembourg","ror":"https://ror.org/036x5ad56","country_code":"LU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"]}],"countries":["LU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Patrick Keller","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050968170","display_name":"Abdoul Kader Kabor\u00e9","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3151-9433"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I186903577","display_name":"University of Luxembourg","ror":"https://ror.org/036x5ad56","country_code":"LU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"]}],"countries":["LU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdoul Kader Kabor\u00e9","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Luxembourg, CITADEL at Universit\u00e9 Virtuelle du Burkina Faso, Luxembourg"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3151-9433","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Luxembourg, CITADEL at Universit\u00e9 Virtuelle du Burkina Faso, Luxembourg","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053301563","display_name":"Laura Plein","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Laura Plein","raw_affiliation_strings":["Saarland University, Luxembourg"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Saarland University, Luxembourg","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040326968","display_name":"Jacques Klein","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4052-475X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I186903577","display_name":"University of Luxembourg","ror":"https://ror.org/036x5ad56","country_code":"LU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"]}],"countries":["LU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jacques Klein","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040574362","display_name":"Yves Le Traon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1045-4861"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I186903577","display_name":"University of Luxembourg","ror":"https://ror.org/036x5ad56","country_code":"LU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"]}],"countries":["LU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yves Le Traon","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082835974","display_name":"Tegawend\u00e9 F. Bissyand\u00e9","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7270-9869"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I186903577","display_name":"University of Luxembourg","ror":"https://ror.org/036x5ad56","country_code":"LU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"]}],"countries":["LU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tegawend\u00e9 F. Bissyand\u00e9","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.9832,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":25,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94004842,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"31","issue":"2","first_page":"1","last_page":"34"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.989300012588501,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12423","display_name":"Software Reliability and Analysis Research","score":0.9699000120162964,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8691616058349609},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.6297036409378052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6193464994430542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/source-code","display_name":"Source code","score":0.5694825649261475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/abstract-syntax-tree","display_name":"Abstract syntax tree","score":0.5564984083175659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.4476739168167114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word-embedding","display_name":"Word embedding","score":0.4379558861255646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transfer-of-learning","display_name":"Transfer of learning","score":0.42576727271080017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semantics","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","score":0.4139784276485443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedding","display_name":"Embedding","score":0.3973897099494934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.39282214641571045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parsing","display_name":"Parsing","score":0.3690001666545868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3554750680923462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.33790600299835205}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8691616058349609},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.6297036409378052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6193464994430542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43126263","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128751","display_name":"Source code","level":2,"score":0.5694825649261475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58646249","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q127380","display_name":"Abstract syntax tree","level":3,"score":0.5564984083175659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.4476739168167114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777462759","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18395344","display_name":"Word embedding","level":3,"score":0.4379558861255646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150899416","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1820378","display_name":"Transfer of learning","level":2,"score":0.42576727271080017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184337299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437428","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.4139784276485443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41608201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980509","display_name":"Embedding","level":2,"score":0.3973897099494934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.39282214641571045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186644900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194152","display_name":"Parsing","level":2,"score":0.3690001666545868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3554750680923462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.33790600299835205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3485135","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3485135","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3485135","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S142627899","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","issn_l":"1049-331X","issn":["1049-331X","1557-7392"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:orbilu.uni.lu:10993/48899","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://orbilu.uni.lu/handle/10993/48899","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401815","display_name":"Open Repository and Bibliography (University of Luxembourg)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I186903577","host_organization_name":"University of Luxembourg","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3485135","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3485135","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3485135","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S142627899","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","issn_l":"1049-331X","issn":["1049-331X","1557-7392"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1956222819","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"949014","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7842005466","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Horizon 2020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321038","display_name":"Fonds National de la Recherche Luxembourg","ror":"https://ror.org/039z13y21"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3005276469.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3005276469.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":51,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1567790484","https://openalex.org/W1879966306","https://openalex.org/W2003285370","https://openalex.org/W2065053490","https://openalex.org/W2096491586","https://openalex.org/W2101832700","https://openalex.org/W2104094955","https://openalex.org/W2107697055","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2119821739","https://openalex.org/W2120322286","https://openalex.org/W2122111042","https://openalex.org/W2124776405","https://openalex.org/W2128782367","https://openalex.org/W2128888088","https://openalex.org/W2136099030","https://openalex.org/W2138756793","https://openalex.org/W2153579005","https://openalex.org/W2157532207","https://openalex.org/W2164233915","https://openalex.org/W2165698076","https://openalex.org/W2168809519","https://openalex.org/W2168891858","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2400080339","https://openalex.org/W2548028511","https://openalex.org/W2559597482","https://openalex.org/W2618530766","https://openalex.org/W2619697695","https://openalex.org/W2741705590","https://openalex.org/W2767717989","https://openalex.org/W2795237776","https://openalex.org/W2807866521","https://openalex.org/W2809662498","https://openalex.org/W2883359218","https://openalex.org/W2903709763","https://openalex.org/W2909889155","https://openalex.org/W2942293597","https://openalex.org/W2950577311","https://openalex.org/W2951861246","https://openalex.org/W2955426500","https://openalex.org/W2963371736","https://openalex.org/W2963926786","https://openalex.org/W2964150020","https://openalex.org/W2993743533","https://openalex.org/W2997591727","https://openalex.org/W3009129408","https://openalex.org/W3041133507","https://openalex.org/W3089357829","https://openalex.org/W3101228802","https://openalex.org/W3105535951"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2393678839","https://openalex.org/W2077104824","https://openalex.org/W1972256049","https://openalex.org/W2483803551","https://openalex.org/W4310447811","https://openalex.org/W2165004968","https://openalex.org/W4285289289","https://openalex.org/W2019401739","https://openalex.org/W3012064729","https://openalex.org/W2145930257"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recent":[0],"successes":[1],"in":[2,73,175,265],"training":[3],"word":[4],"embeddings":[5,40],"for":[6,23],"Natural":[7],"Language":[8],"Processing":[9],"(":[10,120],"NLP":[11,30],")":[12,130],"tasks":[13],"have":[14],"encouraged":[15],"a":[16,53,85,248],"wave":[17],"of":[18,45,99,111,135,150,159,171,182,185,262,272,286],"research":[19,288],"on":[20,28,52,90,168,179,207],"representation":[21,55,65,242],"learning":[22],"source":[24,94,136,176],"code,":[25],"which":[26,70],"builds":[27],"similar":[29],"methods.":[31],"The":[32],"overall":[33],"objective":[34],"is":[35],"then":[36],"to":[37,67,106,153,246,279],"produce":[38],"code":[39,95,114,137,173,177,187,190,198,250],"that":[41,93,214,240],"capture":[42],"the":[43,74,91,108,118,148,156,164,169,183,208,260,270,276,282],"maximum":[44],"program":[46],"semantics.":[47,100],"State-of-the-art":[48],"approaches":[49,225],"invariably":[50],"rely":[51],"syntactic":[54],"(i.e.,":[56],"raw":[57],"lexical":[58],"tokens,":[59],"abstract":[60],"syntax":[61],"trees,":[62],"or":[63,78,229,275],"intermediate":[64],"tokens)":[66],"generate":[68],"embeddings,":[69],"are":[71,138],"criticized":[72],"literature":[75],"as":[76,221,223,227,269],"non-robust":[77],"non-generalizable.":[79],"In":[80],"this":[81,287],"work,":[82],"we":[83],"investigate":[84],"novel":[86],"embedding":[87,166],"approach":[88,131,167,219],"based":[89],"intuition":[92],"has":[96],"visual":[97,133,273],"patterns":[98,105],"We":[101,116,162,203,231,257],"further":[102,258],"use":[103],"these":[104],"address":[107],"outstanding":[109],"challenge":[110],"identifying":[112],"semantic":[113,186],"clones.":[115],"propose":[117],"WySiWiM":[119,218,241],"\u2018":[121],"\u2018What":[122],"You":[123],"See":[124],"Is":[125],"What":[126],"It":[127],"Means":[128],"\u201d":[129],"where":[132],"representations":[134,274],"fed":[139],"into":[140],"powerful":[141],"pre-trained":[142],"image":[143],"classification":[144,195,199,277],"neural":[145],"networks":[146],"from":[147,155,236],"field":[149],"computer":[151],"vision":[152],"benefit":[154],"practical":[157],"advantages":[158],"transfer":[160],"learning.":[161],"evaluate":[163],"proposed":[165],"task":[170,184],"vulnerable":[172,249],"prediction":[174],"and":[178,197,238,284],"two":[180],"variations":[181],"clone":[188,191],"identification:":[189],"detection":[192],"(a":[193,200],"binary":[194],"problem),":[196],"multi-classification":[201],"problem).":[202],"show":[204],"with":[205,234,252],"experiments":[206],"BigCloneBench":[209],"(Java),":[210],"Open":[211],"Judge":[212],"(C)":[213],"although":[215],"simple,":[216],"our":[217,266],"performs":[220],"effectively":[222],"state-of-the-art":[224],"such":[226,268],"ASTNN":[228],"TBCNN.":[230],"also":[232],"showed":[233],"data":[235],"NVD":[237],"SARD":[239],"can":[243],"be":[244],"used":[245],"learn":[247],"detector":[251],"reasonable":[253],"performance":[254],"(accuracy":[255],"\u223c90%).":[256],"explore":[259],"influence":[261],"different":[263],"steps":[264],"approach,":[267],"choice":[271],"algorithm,":[278],"eventually":[280],"discuss":[281],"promises":[283],"limitations":[285],"direction.":[289]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-06-20T22:02:38.213706","created_date":"2020-02-14T00:00:00"}
