{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3166296808","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3479722.3480994","title":"SoK","display_name":"SoK","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-09-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3166296808","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3479722.3480994","mag":"3166296808"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3479722.3480994","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3479722.3480994","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 3rd ACM Conference on Advances in Financial Technologies","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2106.00667","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014521144","display_name":"Shayan Eskandari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7405-9249"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60158472","display_name":"Concordia University","ror":"https://ror.org/0420zvk78","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60158472"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Shayan Eskandari","raw_affiliation_strings":["Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada and ConsenSys Diligence"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada and ConsenSys Diligence","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60158472"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065468829","display_name":"Mehdi Salehi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60158472","display_name":"Concordia University","ror":"https://ror.org/0420zvk78","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60158472"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mehdi Salehi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60158472"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086837545","display_name":"Wanyun Catherine Gu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wanyun Catherine Gu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037375405","display_name":"Jeremy Clark","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2622-1683"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60158472","display_name":"Concordia University","ror":"https://ror.org/0420zvk78","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60158472"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jeremy Clark","raw_affiliation_strings":["Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60158472"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5014521144"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60158472"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.2479,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":50,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97519968,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"127","last_page":"141"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9940000176429749,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9858999848365784,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.9331899285316467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oracle","display_name":"Oracle","score":0.7722947597503662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7213363647460938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.6114259362220764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-contract","display_name":"Smart contract","score":0.5960632562637329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bridge","display_name":"Bridge (graph theory)","score":0.5869062542915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/service","display_name":"Service (business)","score":0.5207964777946472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-privacy","display_name":"Internet privacy","score":0.32540959119796753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.3200898766517639},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.15879157185554504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.15643846988677979}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.9331899285316467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55166926","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2892946","display_name":"Oracle","level":2,"score":0.7722947597503662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7213363647460938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.6114259362220764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779950589","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7544035","display_name":"Smart contract","level":3,"score":0.5960632562637329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100776233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2532492","display_name":"Bridge (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.5869062542915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780378061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25351891","display_name":"Service (business)","level":2,"score":0.5207964777946472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.32540959119796753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.3200898766517639},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.15879157185554504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.15643846988677979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3479722.3480994","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3479722.3480994","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 3rd ACM Conference on Advances in Financial Technologies","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2106.00667","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2106.00667","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2106.00667","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2106.00667","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2106.00667","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2106.00667","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":85,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W13439346","https://openalex.org/W41609167","https://openalex.org/W1520914943","https://openalex.org/W1541545136","https://openalex.org/W1808415187","https://openalex.org/W1979949711","https://openalex.org/W2022799139","https://openalex.org/W2039427951","https://openalex.org/W2098104887","https://openalex.org/W2114579022","https://openalex.org/W2120832833","https://openalex.org/W2136032111","https://openalex.org/W2146752727","https://openalex.org/W2151433956","https://openalex.org/W2154862139","https://openalex.org/W2171638077","https://openalex.org/W2188530018","https://openalex.org/W2324799740","https://openalex.org/W2397423248","https://openalex.org/W2511580607","https://openalex.org/W2533941064","https://openalex.org/W2540761505","https://openalex.org/W2593994116","https://openalex.org/W2604844934","https://openalex.org/W2611719544","https://openalex.org/W2620636316","https://openalex.org/W2679033717","https://openalex.org/W2758945826","https://openalex.org/W2770979369","https://openalex.org/W2794809286","https://openalex.org/W2884026699","https://openalex.org/W2886011329","https://openalex.org/W2886562467","https://openalex.org/W2888947553","https://openalex.org/W2911456131","https://openalex.org/W2915269496","https://openalex.org/W2918305041","https://openalex.org/W2924000030","https://openalex.org/W2950226614","https://openalex.org/W2952690057","https://openalex.org/W2953150480","https://openalex.org/W2965436736","https://openalex.org/W2968269657","https://openalex.org/W2969915801","https://openalex.org/W2972152617","https://openalex.org/W2977921325","https://openalex.org/W2979611216","https://openalex.org/W2979935882","https://openalex.org/W2980498851","https://openalex.org/W2995179710","https://openalex.org/W3002509833","https://openalex.org/W3007925633","https://openalex.org/W3009501047","https://openalex.org/W3010882894","https://openalex.org/W3013391778","https://openalex.org/W3016124762","https://openalex.org/W3023081684","https://openalex.org/W3023104584","https://openalex.org/W3023266124","https://openalex.org/W3030624534","https://openalex.org/W3034459010","https://openalex.org/W3045348795","https://openalex.org/W3082532412","https://openalex.org/W3099156980","https://openalex.org/W3099881671","https://openalex.org/W3105099041","https://openalex.org/W3121753171","https://openalex.org/W3121883364","https://openalex.org/W3131039633","https://openalex.org/W3151748982","https://openalex.org/W3177139992","https://openalex.org/W3198185738","https://openalex.org/W3198985826","https://openalex.org/W3210848153","https://openalex.org/W3211314335","https://openalex.org/W4252735936","https://openalex.org/W4287673167","https://openalex.org/W4288079488","https://openalex.org/W4288090901","https://openalex.org/W4289038676","https://openalex.org/W4294656469","https://openalex.org/W4299416071","https://openalex.org/W6601671065","https://openalex.org/W6712237015","https://openalex.org/W6738571232"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3092702943","https://openalex.org/W4297798448","https://openalex.org/W4391241361","https://openalex.org/W4388187043","https://openalex.org/W4285161539","https://openalex.org/W2982625131","https://openalex.org/W4320715980","https://openalex.org/W3122124622","https://openalex.org/W4376606592","https://openalex.org/W3092627261"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"One":[0],"fundamental":[1],"limitation":[2],"of":[3,82],"blockchain-based":[4],"smart":[5],"contracts":[6],"is":[7,25,31,51],"that":[8,24],"they":[9,16],"execute":[10],"in":[11],"a":[12,47],"closed":[13],"environment.":[14],"Thus,":[15],"only":[17],"have":[18],"access":[19],"to":[20,43,75],"data":[21],"and":[22,95],"functionality":[23],"already":[26],"on":[27],"the":[28,34,39,88],"blockchain,":[29],"or":[30],"fed":[32],"into":[33],"blockchain.":[35],"Any":[36],"interactions":[37],"with":[38],"real":[40],"world":[41],"need":[42],"be":[44],"mediated":[45],"by":[46],"bridge":[48],"service,":[49],"which":[50],"called":[52],"an":[53,62],"oracle.":[54],"As":[55],"decentralized":[56],"applications":[57],"mature,":[58],"oracles":[59],"are":[60],"playing":[61],"increasingly":[63],"prominent":[64],"role.":[65],"With":[66],"their":[67,76],"evolution":[68],"comes":[69],"more":[70],"attacks,":[71,94],"necessitating":[72],"greater":[73],"attention":[74],"trust":[77],"model.":[78],"In":[79],"this":[80],"systemization":[81],"knowledge":[83],"paper":[84],"(SoK),":[85],"we":[86],"dissect":[87],"design":[89],"alternatives":[90],"for":[91],"oracles,":[92],"showcase":[93],"discuss":[96],"attack":[97],"mitigation":[98],"strategies.":[99]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-05-08T15:41:06.802602","created_date":"2021-06-22T00:00:00"}