{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4293227220","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3478431.3499408","title":"Retrieval-based Teaching Incentivizes Spacing and Improves Grades in Computer Science Education","display_name":"Retrieval-based Teaching Incentivizes Spacing and Improves Grades in Computer Science Education","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-02-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4293227220","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3478431.3499408"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3478431.3499408","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3478431.3499408","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608709","display_name":"Proceedings of the 53rd ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 53rd ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005286761","display_name":"Iman YeckehZaare","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1788-2922"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Iman YeckehZaare","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Michigan - Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Michigan - Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057200398","display_name":"Chloe B. Aronoff","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chloe Aronoff","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Michigan - Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Michigan - Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036510485","display_name":"Gail Grot","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51504820","display_name":"San Jose State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04qyvz380","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51504820"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gail Grot","raw_affiliation_strings":["San Jose State University, San Jose, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"San Jose State University, San Jose, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51504820"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.0394,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91608392,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"892","last_page":"898"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10636","display_name":"Innovative Teaching and Learning Methods","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10636","display_name":"Innovative Teaching and Learning Methods","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11122","display_name":"Online Learning and Analytics","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12887","display_name":"Educational Strategies and Epistemologies","score":0.9718999862670898,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.6816051006317139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6626992225646973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics-education","display_name":"Mathematics education","score":0.6305049657821655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mediation","display_name":"Mediation","score":0.43121224641799927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedding","display_name":"Embedding","score":0.4288422763347626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/teaching-method","display_name":"Teaching method","score":0.41714441776275635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/space","display_name":"Space (punctuation)","score":0.41530659794807434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.2164475917816162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.13608378171920776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociology","display_name":"Sociology","score":0.07819396257400513}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.6816051006317139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6626992225646973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.6305049657821655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179420905","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q223871","display_name":"Mediation","level":2,"score":0.43121224641799927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41608201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980509","display_name":"Embedding","level":2,"score":0.4288422763347626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88610354","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1813494","display_name":"Teaching method","level":2,"score":0.41714441776275635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778572836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380933","display_name":"Space (punctuation)","level":2,"score":0.41530659794807434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.2164475917816162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.13608378171920776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.07819396257400513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3478431.3499408","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3478431.3499408","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608709","display_name":"Proceedings of the 53rd ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 53rd ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.8700000047683716,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1913957972","https://openalex.org/W1971140879","https://openalex.org/W1974993098","https://openalex.org/W1977781079","https://openalex.org/W1982113757","https://openalex.org/W2019437100","https://openalex.org/W2041687633","https://openalex.org/W2053787392","https://openalex.org/W2134963041","https://openalex.org/W2135943618","https://openalex.org/W2146518935","https://openalex.org/W2161621074","https://openalex.org/W2162764535","https://openalex.org/W2194206969","https://openalex.org/W2399095902","https://openalex.org/W2748218905","https://openalex.org/W2783876999","https://openalex.org/W2886344052","https://openalex.org/W2915569398","https://openalex.org/W2949036105","https://openalex.org/W2966793514","https://openalex.org/W3009242317","https://openalex.org/W3012216271","https://openalex.org/W3108657447","https://openalex.org/W3194987758"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2081900870","https://openalex.org/W3111219495","https://openalex.org/W2261545136","https://openalex.org/W2374348893","https://openalex.org/W2183306018","https://openalex.org/W1650842635","https://openalex.org/W2549990292","https://openalex.org/W2345479200","https://openalex.org/W4382203901","https://openalex.org/W4387116737"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Desirable":[0],"difficulties":[1,37],"such":[2],"as":[3,47],"retrieval":[4,24],"practice":[5],"(testing)":[6],"and":[7,68,109],"spacing":[8,72,227],"(distributed":[9],"studying)":[10],"are":[11],"shown":[12],"to":[13,64,185],"improve":[14],"long-term":[15],"learning.":[16],"Despite":[17],"their":[18,74,156,187],"knowledge":[19],"about":[20],"the":[21,39,71,100,105,110,129,148,153,163,202,208,229,234],"benefits":[22],"of":[23,34,73,121,147,162,171,192,214],"practice,":[25],"students":[26,49,63,184],"struggle":[27],"with":[28,95],"application.":[29],"We":[30,44,56,76,89],"propose":[31],"a":[32,82,119,142],"mechanism":[33],"embedding":[35],"desirable":[36],"in":[38,54,84,155,207,219,232],"classroom":[40],"called":[41],"\"retrieval-based":[42],"teaching.\"":[43],"define":[45],"it":[46,197],"asking":[48],"many":[50],"ungraded,":[51],"granular":[52,93],"questions":[53],"class.":[55],"hypothesized":[57],"that":[58,127,180,226],"this":[59],"method":[60],"could":[61],"motivate":[62],"(1)":[65],"study":[66],"more":[67,194],"(2)":[69],"increase":[70,201],"studying.":[75],"tested":[77],"these":[78,172],"two":[79],"hypotheses":[80],"through":[81],"quasi-experiment":[83],"an":[85,96,190,212],"introductory":[86],"programming":[87],"course.":[88],"compared":[90],"684":[91],"students'":[92,236],"activities":[94],"interactive":[97],"eBook":[98],"between":[99],"class":[101,164],"discussion":[102,112,130,137,157],"sections":[103],"where":[104],"intervention":[106],"was":[107,228],"implemented":[108,152],"control":[111],"sections.":[113,131],"Over":[114],"four":[115,176],"semesters,":[116],"there":[117,134],"were":[118,135],"total":[120],"17":[122],"graduate":[123],"student":[124],"instructors":[125],"(GSIs)":[126],"taught":[128,140],"Each":[132],"semester,":[133],"five":[136,149],"sections,":[138],"each":[139],"by":[141,159],"distinct":[143],"GSI.":[144],"Only":[145],"one":[146],"per":[150],"semester":[151],"treatment":[154,209],"section(s)":[158],"dedicating":[160],"most":[161],"time":[165],"for":[166],"retrieval-based":[167,181],"teaching.":[168],"Our":[169,222],"analysis":[170,224],"data":[173],"collected":[174],"over":[175,189],"consecutive":[177],"semesters":[178],"shows":[179],"teaching":[182],"motivated":[183],"space":[186],"studying":[188],"average":[191,213],"3.78":[193],"days,":[195],"but":[196],"did":[198],"not":[199],"significantly":[200],"amount":[203],"they":[204],"studied.":[205],"Students":[206],"group":[210],"earned":[211],"2.36":[215],"percentage":[216],"points":[217],"higher":[218],"course":[220],"grades.":[221,237],"mediation":[223],"indicates":[225],"main":[230],"factor":[231],"increasing":[233],"treated":[235]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}