{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4212827927","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3478431.3499298","title":"Early Identification of Student Struggles at the Topic Level Using Context-Agnostic Features","display_name":"Early Identification of Student Struggles at the Topic Level Using Context-Agnostic Features","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-02-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4212827927","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3478431.3499298"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3478431.3499298","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3478431.3499298","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608709","display_name":"Proceedings of the 53rd ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 53rd ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016854328","display_name":"Kai Arakawa","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52669646","display_name":"Western Washington University","ror":"https://ror.org/05wn7r715","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52669646"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kai Arakawa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52669646"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101759518","display_name":"Qiang Hao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6361-5035"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52669646","display_name":"Western Washington University","ror":"https://ror.org/05wn7r715","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52669646"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qiang Hao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52669646"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010208650","display_name":"Wesley Deneke","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52669646","display_name":"Western Washington University","ror":"https://ror.org/05wn7r715","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52669646"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wesley Deneke","raw_affiliation_strings":["Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52669646"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090196790","display_name":"Indie Cowan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52669646","display_name":"Western Washington University","ror":"https://ror.org/05wn7r715","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52669646"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Indie Cowan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52669646"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037584244","display_name":"Steven A. Wolfman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6323-8145"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141945490","display_name":"University of British Columbia","ror":"https://ror.org/03rmrcq20","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Steven Wolfman","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057104790","display_name":"A. S. Peterson","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52669646","display_name":"Western Washington University","ror":"https://ror.org/05wn7r715","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52669646"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abigayle Peterson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52669646"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5016854328"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52669646"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.6142,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91287284,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"147","last_page":"153"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11122","display_name":"Online Learning and Analytics","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11122","display_name":"Online Learning and Analytics","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10533","display_name":"Teaching and Learning Programming","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11902","display_name":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning","score":0.9779999852180481,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.718540370464325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multitude","display_name":"Multitude","score":0.6960253119468689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.6838996410369873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/learning-analytics","display_name":"Learning analytics","score":0.6504648923873901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.6404964327812195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/demographics","display_name":"Demographics","score":0.6302398443222046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6056163907051086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/replicate","display_name":"Replicate","score":0.5187419056892395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","score":0.4812750220298767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychological-intervention","display_name":"Psychological intervention","score":0.4757542312145233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/analytics","display_name":"Analytics","score":0.4442991614341736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics-education","display_name":"Mathematics education","score":0.4255378544330597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.18669497966766357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.14497625827789307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociology","display_name":"Sociology","score":0.12842625379562378}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.718540370464325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780565519","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1208937","display_name":"Multitude","level":2,"score":0.6960253119468689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.6838996410369873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777648619","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2845208","display_name":"Learning analytics","level":2,"score":0.6504648923873901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.6404964327812195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780084366","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demographics","level":2,"score":0.6302398443222046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6056163907051086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781162219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26250693","display_name":"Replicate","level":2,"score":0.5187419056892395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.4812750220298767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27415008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7256382","display_name":"Psychological intervention","level":2,"score":0.4757542312145233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79158427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485396","display_name":"Analytics","level":2,"score":0.4442991614341736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.4255378544330597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.18669497966766357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.14497625827789307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.12842625379562378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3478431.3499298","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3478431.3499298","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608709","display_name":"Proceedings of the 53rd ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 53rd ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.7900000214576721}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W173866368","https://openalex.org/W1975537335","https://openalex.org/W2019833096","https://openalex.org/W2022131017","https://openalex.org/W2027495833","https://openalex.org/W2031092789","https://openalex.org/W2031347564","https://openalex.org/W2036955327","https://openalex.org/W2044490101","https://openalex.org/W2054122003","https://openalex.org/W2070405152","https://openalex.org/W2074997682","https://openalex.org/W2076397660","https://openalex.org/W2077361439","https://openalex.org/W2081439463","https://openalex.org/W2126417721","https://openalex.org/W2140519023","https://openalex.org/W2145420502","https://openalex.org/W2246250695","https://openalex.org/W2262997339","https://openalex.org/W2264893711","https://openalex.org/W2280468526","https://openalex.org/W2405986976","https://openalex.org/W2469269292","https://openalex.org/W2517883482","https://openalex.org/W2564835716","https://openalex.org/W2593348673","https://openalex.org/W2604422709","https://openalex.org/W2611285220","https://openalex.org/W2789578077","https://openalex.org/W2809519925","https://openalex.org/W2900731236","https://openalex.org/W2913775821","https://openalex.org/W2917079473","https://openalex.org/W2963800060","https://openalex.org/W3022651458","https://openalex.org/W3100534192","https://openalex.org/W3128345447","https://openalex.org/W3135734345","https://openalex.org/W3147412624","https://openalex.org/W4251509616","https://openalex.org/W7039625113"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1987827786","https://openalex.org/W2799586942","https://openalex.org/W2504091800","https://openalex.org/W2331775400","https://openalex.org/W2768832457","https://openalex.org/W2816728186","https://openalex.org/W2804624249","https://openalex.org/W605203981","https://openalex.org/W2560130217","https://openalex.org/W2911048623"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"identification":[1,148],"of":[2,28,40,48,106,149],"student":[3,66,85,108,132,150,169],"struggles":[4,109,133,151],"has":[5],"drawn":[6],"increasing":[7],"interests":[8],"from":[9],"computing":[10],"education":[11],"and":[12,24,43,68,121],"learning":[13,67],"analytics":[14],"communities":[15],"in":[16],"recent":[17],"years,":[18],"considering":[19],"the":[20,94,104,111,153],"high":[21],"failure":[22],"rate":[23],"fast":[25],"enrollment":[26],"growth":[27],"computer":[29],"science":[30],"courses.":[31],"Prior":[32],"studies":[33,52,72],"on":[34,156,168],"this":[35],"topic":[36,112,154],"employed":[37],"a":[38,135,157],"multitude":[39],"data":[41,74],"sources":[42,75],"methodologies":[44],"with":[45],"varying":[46],"degrees":[47],"success.":[49],"Nearly":[50],"all":[51],"attempted":[53],"to":[54,60,79,90,119,130,164],"predict":[55],"low":[56],"overall":[57],"course":[58],"performance":[59],"identify":[61,131],"struggling":[62],"students,":[63],"risking":[64],"oversimplifying":[65],"struggles.":[69],"Additionally,":[70],"many":[71],"utilize":[73],"that":[76,116,126],"are":[77,117],"limited":[78],"their":[80],"original":[81],"contexts":[82],"or":[83,92],"local":[84],"demographics,":[86],"making":[87],"it":[88,127],"difficult":[89],"replicate":[91],"put":[93],"findings":[95,142],"into":[96,146],"practice.":[97],"To":[98],"address":[99],"these":[100],"gaps,":[101],"we":[102],"studied":[103],"feasibility":[105],"identifying":[107],"at":[110,134,152],"level":[113,138,155],"using":[114],"features":[115],"agnostic":[118],"courses":[120],"contexts.":[122],"Our":[123,141],"results":[124],"show":[125],"is":[128],"possible":[129],"more":[136],"fine-grained":[137],"within":[139],"days.":[140],"contribute":[143],"new":[144],"insights":[145],"automatic":[147],"large":[158],"scale,":[159],"which":[160],"can":[161],"be":[162],"used":[163],"guide":[165],"meaningful":[166],"interventions":[167],"learning.":[170]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
