{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3190238878","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3478104","title":"How Low Can You Go?","display_name":"How Low Can You Go?","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-09-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3190238878","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3478104","mag":"3190238878"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3478104","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3478104","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219751","display_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive Mobile Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies","issn_l":"2474-9567","issn":["2474-9567"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10138/338822","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052035305","display_name":"Mikko Rinta-Homi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I133731052","display_name":"University of Helsinki","ror":"https://ror.org/040af2s02","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I133731052"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mikko Rinta-Homi","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133731052"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010367405","display_name":"Naser Hossein Motlagh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9923-9879"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I133731052","display_name":"University of Helsinki","ror":"https://ror.org/040af2s02","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I133731052"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Naser Hossein Motlagh","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133731052"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054275085","display_name":"Agustin Zuniga","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6481-3559"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I133731052","display_name":"University of Helsinki","ror":"https://ror.org/040af2s02","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I133731052"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Agustin Zuniga","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133731052"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080043050","display_name":"Huber Flores","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4551-629X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56085075","display_name":"University of Tartu","ror":"https://ror.org/03z77qz90","country_code":"EE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56085075"]}],"countries":["EE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huber Flores","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56085075"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066542585","display_name":"Petteri Nurmi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8262-6434"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I133731052","display_name":"University of Helsinki","ror":"https://ror.org/040af2s02","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I133731052"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Petteri Nurmi","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133731052"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.0551,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.74276544,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"5","issue":"3","first_page":"1","last_page":"22"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10121","display_name":"Building Energy and Comfort Optimization","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10121","display_name":"Building Energy and Comfort Optimization","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11963","display_name":"Impact of Light on Environment and Health","score":0.986299991607666,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11211","display_name":"3D Surveying and Cultural Heritage","score":0.984000027179718,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1907","display_name":"Geology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frame-rate","display_name":"Frame rate","score":0.7216669321060181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6851735711097717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resolution","display_name":"Resolution (logic)","score":0.6573850512504578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/occupancy","display_name":"Occupancy","score":0.5958660244941711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frame","display_name":"Frame (networking)","score":0.5926932692527771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-of-view","display_name":"Field of view","score":0.5706047415733337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5488442182540894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.5078240036964417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generality","display_name":"Generality","score":0.5047093629837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/low-resolution","display_name":"Low resolution","score":0.49927735328674316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.46244436502456665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/viewing-angle","display_name":"Viewing angle","score":0.4432108998298645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/high-resolution","display_name":"High resolution","score":0.26820966601371765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.18149006366729736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.11712947487831116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.10849297046661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.0881490707397461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/liquid-crystal-display","display_name":"Liquid-crystal display","score":0.07870602607727051}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3261483","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q119565","display_name":"Frame rate","level":2,"score":0.7216669321060181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6851735711097717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138268822","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1051925","display_name":"Resolution (logic)","level":2,"score":0.6573850512504578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160331591","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7075743","display_name":"Occupancy","level":2,"score":0.5958660244941711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126042441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1324888","display_name":"Frame (networking)","level":2,"score":0.5926932692527771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150627866","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1076893","display_name":"Field of view","level":2,"score":0.5706047415733337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5488442182540894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.5078240036964417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780767217","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532421","display_name":"Generality","level":2,"score":0.5047093629837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019883945","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210521","display_name":"Low resolution","level":3,"score":0.49927735328674316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.46244436502456665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776694159","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q351676","display_name":"Viewing angle","level":3,"score":0.4432108998298645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020199158","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210521","display_name":"High resolution","level":2,"score":0.26820966601371765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.18149006366729736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.11712947487831116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.10849297046661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0881490707397461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128019096","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83341","display_name":"Liquid-crystal display","level":2,"score":0.07870602607727051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170154142","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q150737","display_name":"Architectural engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C542102704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183257","display_name":"Psychotherapist","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3478104","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3478104","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219751","display_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive Mobile Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies","issn_l":"2474-9567","issn":["2474-9567"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:helda.helsinki.fi:10138/338822","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10138/338822","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210213322","display_name":"Ty\u00f6v\u00e4entutkimus Vuosikirja","issn_l":"0784-1272","issn":["0784-1272","1459-7780"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:helda.helsinki.fi:10138/338822","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10138/338822","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210213322","display_name":"Ty\u00f6v\u00e4entutkimus Vuosikirja","issn_l":"0784-1272","issn":["0784-1272","1459-7780"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":48,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1535324915","https://openalex.org/W1914502992","https://openalex.org/W1972440681","https://openalex.org/W1973747781","https://openalex.org/W1984515777","https://openalex.org/W2003187491","https://openalex.org/W2023066921","https://openalex.org/W2028550244","https://openalex.org/W2035227959","https://openalex.org/W2037589269","https://openalex.org/W2053221404","https://openalex.org/W2062857997","https://openalex.org/W2069962612","https://openalex.org/W2097507524","https://openalex.org/W2115873741","https://openalex.org/W2136369753","https://openalex.org/W2161226737","https://openalex.org/W2168824794","https://openalex.org/W2285892072","https://openalex.org/W2306627516","https://openalex.org/W2337534032","https://openalex.org/W2411034138","https://openalex.org/W2517724752","https://openalex.org/W2518098020","https://openalex.org/W2548369006","https://openalex.org/W2552791327","https://openalex.org/W2554207730","https://openalex.org/W2737408310","https://openalex.org/W2753362299","https://openalex.org/W2784073566","https://openalex.org/W2786399107","https://openalex.org/W2792801956","https://openalex.org/W2795362263","https://openalex.org/W2795500792","https://openalex.org/W2811245964","https://openalex.org/W2921878249","https://openalex.org/W2948907366","https://openalex.org/W2963002955","https://openalex.org/W2963660578","https://openalex.org/W3000424131","https://openalex.org/W3003745586","https://openalex.org/W3008919590","https://openalex.org/W3011126096","https://openalex.org/W3014415234","https://openalex.org/W3035774276","https://openalex.org/W3098543645","https://openalex.org/W3118468178","https://openalex.org/W3121911429"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4282043467","https://openalex.org/W2105697914","https://openalex.org/W3093197249","https://openalex.org/W1540010871","https://openalex.org/W3023979140","https://openalex.org/W1968324288","https://openalex.org/W2904068067","https://openalex.org/W1565491139","https://openalex.org/W3177545769","https://openalex.org/W2926907761"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,51,63,174],"contribute":[1],"by":[2,275],"systematically":[3],"analysing":[4],"the":[5,31,40,54,61,87,90,95,132,170,178,183,187,191,201,225,240,254,293],"performance":[6,27,65,179,202],"trade-offs,":[7],"costs":[8,249],"(privacy":[9],"loss":[10],"and":[11,14,34,78,92,166,230,242,247,250,291,296],"deployment":[12,289],"cost)":[13],"limits":[15],"of":[16,36,56,72,89,97,169,186,203,209,299],"low-resolution":[17,204],"thermal":[18,73],"array":[19,74],"sensors":[20],"for":[21],"occupancy":[22,46],"detection.":[23],"First,":[24],"to":[25,38,85,93,182,195,199,233,252,257,268],"assess":[26,53],"limits,":[28],"we":[29,263],"manipulate":[30],"frame":[32,133,158,243],"rate":[33,134,244],"resolution":[35,112,219,241,271],"images":[37],"establish":[39],"lowest":[41,143],"possible":[42],"values":[43],"where":[44],"reliable":[45,127,152],"information":[47],"can":[48,125,149],"be":[49,196],"captured.":[50],"also":[52,150,175],"effect":[55,96],"different":[57,98,300],"viewing":[58,99,172,184],"angles":[59],"on":[60,260,266],"performance.":[62],"analyse":[64],"using":[66,211],"two":[67,284],"datasets,":[68],"an":[69],"open-source":[70],"dataset":[71,81],"sensor":[75,270],"measurements":[76],"(TIDOS)":[77],"a":[79,108,212,278],"proprietary":[80],"that":[82,104,177,190,282],"is":[83,135,180],"used":[84,120],"validate":[86],"generality":[88],"findings":[91],"study":[94],"angles.":[100],"Our":[101],"results":[102],"show":[103,176],"even":[105],"cameras":[106],"with":[107,214],"4":[109,138,216],"\u00d7":[110,147,217],"2":[111,146,218],"-":[113,124],"significantly":[114],"lower":[115],"than":[116],"what":[117],"has":[118],"been":[119],"in":[121,207,272],"previous":[122],"research":[123],"support":[126],"detection,":[128],"as":[129,131,287],"long":[130],"at":[136],"least":[137,161],"frames":[139,163],"per":[140,164],"second.":[141],"The":[142],"tested":[144],"resolution,":[145],"2,":[148],"offer":[151],"detection":[153],"rates":[154,159],"but":[155],"requires":[156],"higher":[157],"(at":[160],"16":[162],"second)":[165],"careful":[167],"adjustment":[168],"camera":[171,213],"angle.":[173],"sensitive":[181],"angle":[185],"sensor,":[188],"suggesting":[189],"camera's":[192],"field-of-view":[193],"needs":[194],"carefully":[197],"adjusted":[198],"maximize":[200],"cameras.":[205],"Second,":[206],"terms":[208],"costs,":[210],"only":[215],"reveals":[220],"very":[221],"few":[222],"insights":[223],"about":[224],"occupants'":[226],"identity":[227],"or":[228],"behaviour,":[229],"thus":[231],"helps":[232,251],"preserve":[234],"their":[235],"privacy.":[236],"Besides":[237],"privacy,":[238],"lowering":[239],"decreases":[245],"manufacturing":[246],"operating":[248],"make":[253],"solution":[255],"easier":[256],"adopt.":[258],"Based":[259],"our":[261],"results,":[262],"derive":[264],"guidelines":[265],"how":[267],"choose":[269],"real-world":[273],"deployments":[274],"carrying":[276],"out":[277],"small-scale":[279],"trade-off":[280],"analysis":[281],"considers":[283],"representative":[285],"buildings":[286],"potential":[288],"areas":[290],"compares":[292],"cost,":[294],"privacy":[295],"accuracy":[297],"trade-offs":[298],"resolutions.":[301]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2021-08-16T00:00:00"}