{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3199729485","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3478086","title":"ISACS","display_name":"ISACS","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-09-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3199729485","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3478086","mag":"3199729485"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3478086","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3478086","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219751","display_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive Mobile Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies","issn_l":"2474-9567","issn":["2474-9567"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3478086","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113159048","display_name":"Jo\u00e3o Diogo Falc\u00e3o","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-5362-7096"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jo\u00e3o Diogo Falc\u00e3o","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, Moffett Field, California, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, Moffett Field, California, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079758613","display_name":"Carlos Ruiz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0569-5310"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Carlos Ruiz","raw_affiliation_strings":["AiFi Inc. Santa Clara, California, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"AiFi Inc. Santa Clara, California, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023387482","display_name":"Adeola Bannis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6093-0627"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Adeola Bannis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, Moffett Field, California, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, Moffett Field, California, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082588269","display_name":"Hae Young Noh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7998-3657"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hae Young Noh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100415694","display_name":"Pei Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8512-1615"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pei Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.166,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":14,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82104578,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"5","issue":"3","first_page":"1","last_page":"26"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12111","display_name":"Industrial Vision Systems and Defect Detection","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12111","display_name":"Industrial Vision Systems and Defect Detection","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11605","display_name":"Visual Attention and Saliency Detection","score":0.988099992275238,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9843000173568726,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/receipt","display_name":"Receipt","score":0.7808120250701904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7359488010406494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.6521931886672974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.6037999391555786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-error","display_name":"Human error","score":0.462228387594223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/matching","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","score":0.4505402147769928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/product","display_name":"Product (mathematics)","score":0.4191586673259735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.39682304859161377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.23546618223190308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.1492457389831543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability-engineering","display_name":"Reliability engineering","score":0.12971258163452148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.10664564371109009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.08134624361991882}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778979077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q330190","display_name":"Receipt","level":2,"score":0.7808120250701904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7359488010406494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.6521931886672974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.6037999391555786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169806903","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5937752","display_name":"Human error","level":2,"score":0.462228387594223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165064840","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321061","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.4505402147769928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90673727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901718","display_name":"Product (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4191586673259735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.39682304859161377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.23546618223190308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.1492457389831543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200601418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887","display_name":"Reliability engineering","level":1,"score":0.12971258163452148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.10664564371109009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.08134624361991882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3478086","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3478086","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219751","display_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive Mobile Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies","issn_l":"2474-9567","issn":["2474-9567"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3478086","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3478086","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219751","display_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive Mobile Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies","issn_l":"2474-9567","issn":["2474-9567"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7645805687","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NSF-CMMI-202669","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2080342258","https://openalex.org/W2081186650","https://openalex.org/W2106270058","https://openalex.org/W2123456673","https://openalex.org/W2131959081","https://openalex.org/W2196978909","https://openalex.org/W2258472374","https://openalex.org/W2419352894","https://openalex.org/W2566899507","https://openalex.org/W2771965516","https://openalex.org/W2801723159","https://openalex.org/W2884620712","https://openalex.org/W2894703649","https://openalex.org/W2897379924","https://openalex.org/W2899160181","https://openalex.org/W2901324938","https://openalex.org/W2905286037","https://openalex.org/W2921056832","https://openalex.org/W2934198733","https://openalex.org/W2941209909","https://openalex.org/W2962783853","https://openalex.org/W2963150697","https://openalex.org/W2963651088","https://openalex.org/W2964000427","https://openalex.org/W2971476609","https://openalex.org/W2972332186","https://openalex.org/W2985956870","https://openalex.org/W2995669151","https://openalex.org/W3026341823","https://openalex.org/W3035631546","https://openalex.org/W3042175414","https://openalex.org/W3093526239","https://openalex.org/W3102701618","https://openalex.org/W6699145915"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2364011232","https://openalex.org/W2915320150","https://openalex.org/W2348360270","https://openalex.org/W1671466897","https://openalex.org/W1490898716","https://openalex.org/W3148326824","https://openalex.org/W3125363526","https://openalex.org/W2352792752","https://openalex.org/W96612179","https://openalex.org/W2770234245"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"90%":[0],"of":[1,13,124,204,207,215],"retail":[2],"sales":[3],"occur":[4],"in":[5,65,183,225],"physical":[6,10,102],"stores.":[7],"In":[8,157],"these":[9],"stores":[11,24],"40%":[12],"shoppers":[14],"leave":[15],"the":[16,20,35,39,146,175,202],"store":[17,84,103,187],"based":[18],"on":[19],"wait":[21],"time.":[22],"Autonomous":[23],"can":[25],"remove":[26],"customer":[27],"waiting":[28],"time":[29],"by":[30,164],"providing":[31],"a":[32,101,154,211,222],"receipt":[33,77,163,170,212],"without":[34],"need":[36],"for":[37,76],"scanning":[38],"items.":[40,200],"Prior":[41],"approaches":[42],"use":[43],"computer":[44,48,55],"vision":[45,49,56],"only,":[46],"combine":[47,54],"with":[50,57,192],"weight":[51,134],"sensors,":[52],"or":[53,79],"sensors":[58,135],"and":[59,91,108,115,136,149,179,196],"human":[60,167],"product":[61],"recognition.":[62],"These":[63],"approaches,":[64],"general,":[66],"suffer":[67],"from":[68],"low":[69],"accuracy,":[70],"up":[71,216],"to":[72,83,88,119,127,153,217,221,228],"hour":[73],"long":[74],"delays":[75],"generation,":[78],"do":[80],"not":[81,138,165],"scale":[82],"level":[85],"deployments":[86],"due":[87],"computation":[89],"requirements":[90,148],"real-world":[92],"multiple":[93,125,128],"shopper":[94],"scenarios.":[95],"We":[96],"present":[97],"ISACS,":[98,176],"which":[99,143],"combines":[100],"model":[104],"(e.g.":[105],"customers,":[106],"shelves,":[107],"item":[109],"interactions),":[110],"multi-human":[111],"3D":[112],"pose":[113],"estimation,":[114],"live":[116],"inventory":[117,141],"monitoring":[118,142],"provide":[120],"an":[121,161,184],"accurate":[122],"matching":[123],"people":[126],"products.":[129],"ISACS":[130,159,209],"utilizes":[131],"only":[132],"shelf":[133],"does":[137],"require":[139],"visual":[140],"drastically":[144],"reduces":[145],"computational":[147],"thus":[150],"is":[151],"scalable":[152],"store-level":[155],"deployment.":[156],"addition,":[158],"generates":[160],"instant":[162],"requiring":[166],"intervention":[168],"during":[169],"generation.":[171],"To":[172],"fully":[173],"evaluate":[174],"we":[177],"deployed":[178],"evaluated":[180],"our":[181],"approach":[182],"operating":[185],"convenience":[186],"covering":[188],"800":[189],"square":[190],"feet":[191],"1653":[193],"distinct":[194],"products,":[195],"more":[197],"than":[198],"20,000":[199],"Over":[201],"course":[203],"13":[205],"months":[206],"operation,":[208],"achieved":[210],"daily":[213],"accuracy":[214],"96.4%.":[218],"Which":[219],"translates":[220],"3.5x":[223],"reduction":[224],"error":[226],"compared":[227],"self-checkout":[229],"stations.":[230]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2021-09-27T00:00:00"}
