{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3206210829","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3477968","title":"Identifying Informatively Easy and Informatively Hard Concepts","display_name":"Identifying Informatively Easy and Informatively Hard Concepts","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-10-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3206210829","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3477968","mag":"3206210829"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3477968","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3477968","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3477968","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764465379","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Computing Education","issn_l":"1946-6226","issn":["1946-6226"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Computing Education","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3477968","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060008612","display_name":"R. Paul Wiegand","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7763-8024"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169086405","display_name":"Winthrop University","ror":"https://ror.org/04mpzkf73","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169086405"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"R. Paul Wiegand","raw_affiliation_strings":["Winthrop University, Rock Hill, SC, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Winthrop University, Rock Hill, SC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169086405"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008998789","display_name":"Anthony Bucci","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anthony Bucci","raw_affiliation_strings":["Independent, Cambridge, MA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Independent, Cambridge, MA, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090188442","display_name":"Amruth N. Kumar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1951-3995"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I64281891","display_name":"College of New Jersey","ror":"https://ror.org/02nx5r318","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I64281891"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I171851574","display_name":"Ramapo College","ror":"https://ror.org/03s2x9d90","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I171851574"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amruth N. Kumar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ramapo College of New Jersey, Mahwah, NJ, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ramapo College of New Jersey, Mahwah, NJ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I171851574","https://openalex.org/I64281891"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062967485","display_name":"Jennifer Albert","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8015-1105"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91036609","display_name":"Citadel","ror":"https://ror.org/01vwr6t80","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91036609"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jennifer Albert","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Citadel, Charleston, SC, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Citadel, Charleston, SC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91036609"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113459736","display_name":"Alessio Gaspar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3206-7093"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2613432","display_name":"University of South Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/032db5x82","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2613432"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alessio Gaspar","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2613432"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5060008612"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169086405"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.2435,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.6504632,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"1","first_page":"1","last_page":"28"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10533","display_name":"Teaching and Learning Programming","score":0.9972000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10533","display_name":"Teaching and Learning Programming","score":0.9972000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11975","display_name":"Evolutionary Algorithms and Applications","score":0.9902999997138977,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10731","display_name":"Educational Games and Gamification","score":0.9707000255584717,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7888768911361694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leverage","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","score":0.5977486968040466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variety","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","score":0.5133692026138306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/suite","display_name":"Suite","score":0.5086468458175659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.4558398425579071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.44791117310523987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.43645644187927246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.40534669160842896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.34162259101867676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3334309458732605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.1113910973072052}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7888768911361694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153083717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6535263","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.5977486968040466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136197465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","level":2,"score":0.5133692026138306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79581498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1367530","display_name":"Suite","level":2,"score":0.5086468458175659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.4558398425579071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.44791117310523987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.43645644187927246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.40534669160842896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.34162259101867676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3334309458732605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.1113910973072052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3477968","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3477968","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3477968","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764465379","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Computing Education","issn_l":"1946-6226","issn":["1946-6226"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Computing Education","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3477968","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3477968","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3477968","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764465379","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Computing Education","issn_l":"1946-6226","issn":["1946-6226"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Computing Education","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.41999998688697815,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1621323770","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1504634","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2896973595","display_name":"Using Coevolutionary Algorithms to Identify Distractor Answers for Multiple Choice Questions Used for Peer Instruction","funder_award_id":"2038406","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5833528715","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1502564","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3206210829.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3206210829.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":75,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2727998","https://openalex.org/W168339085","https://openalex.org/W174528541","https://openalex.org/W188692745","https://openalex.org/W651870608","https://openalex.org/W1505507270","https://openalex.org/W1521575695","https://openalex.org/W1971239853","https://openalex.org/W1971916043","https://openalex.org/W1973036251","https://openalex.org/W1977583985","https://openalex.org/W1981343066","https://openalex.org/W1985858077","https://openalex.org/W1992658570","https://openalex.org/W1995969371","https://openalex.org/W1999782281","https://openalex.org/W2008283976","https://openalex.org/W2012669829","https://openalex.org/W2012761058","https://openalex.org/W2015040676","https://openalex.org/W2020104507","https://openalex.org/W2022950187","https://openalex.org/W2023292169","https://openalex.org/W2026390014","https://openalex.org/W2031136678","https://openalex.org/W2031210806","https://openalex.org/W2045371407","https://openalex.org/W2052369701","https://openalex.org/W2053186237","https://openalex.org/W2062288639","https://openalex.org/W2067438752","https://openalex.org/W2067963826","https://openalex.org/W2070596900","https://openalex.org/W2090624833","https://openalex.org/W2096329292","https://openalex.org/W2097616364","https://openalex.org/W2107407856","https://openalex.org/W2113183161","https://openalex.org/W2116817443","https://openalex.org/W2117080284","https://openalex.org/W2117564498","https://openalex.org/W2120305669","https://openalex.org/W2124567236","https://openalex.org/W2127773115","https://openalex.org/W2141316253","https://openalex.org/W2155235647","https://openalex.org/W2158534319","https://openalex.org/W2160651698","https://openalex.org/W2162074973","https://openalex.org/W2162497013","https://openalex.org/W2167759247","https://openalex.org/W2185858779","https://openalex.org/W2258432169","https://openalex.org/W2275572593","https://openalex.org/W2296155171","https://openalex.org/W2337924167","https://openalex.org/W2469877382","https://openalex.org/W2512013293","https://openalex.org/W2517079402","https://openalex.org/W2594542444","https://openalex.org/W2766624855","https://openalex.org/W2910880405","https://openalex.org/W2911761300","https://openalex.org/W2911788310","https://openalex.org/W2964325521","https://openalex.org/W3000130654","https://openalex.org/W3004522011","https://openalex.org/W3013431833","https://openalex.org/W3014997701","https://openalex.org/W3106889297","https://openalex.org/W3110452114","https://openalex.org/W4210434492","https://openalex.org/W4230330965","https://openalex.org/W4249332350","https://openalex.org/W4402271968"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4231704780","https://openalex.org/W2083794993","https://openalex.org/W352609212","https://openalex.org/W1511772879","https://openalex.org/W4379115841","https://openalex.org/W4200340037","https://openalex.org/W608917066","https://openalex.org/W4283652261","https://openalex.org/W585424826","https://openalex.org/W564602992"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1],"article,":[2],"we":[3,48],"leverage":[4],"ideas":[5],"from":[6,33,96],"the":[7,21,45,54,74,83,97,146,151,163],"theory":[8],"of":[9,15,23,37,57,85,106,126,148,153,165],"coevolutionary":[10],"computation":[11],"to":[12,70,93,102,135,150,162],"analyze":[13,103],"interactions":[14],"students":[16,78,88,107,158],"with":[17],"problems.":[18],"We":[19],"introduce":[20],"idea":[22],"informatively":[24],"easy":[25],"or":[26],"hard":[27],"concepts.":[28],"Our":[29,90],"approach":[30,91],"is":[31,92],"different":[32,87],"more":[34],"traditional":[35],"analyses":[36],"problem":[38],"difficulty":[39],"such":[40],"as":[41],"item":[42],"analysis":[43,128],"in":[44],"sense":[46],"that":[47],"consider":[49],"Pareto":[50],"dominance":[51],"relationships":[52],"within":[53],"multidimensional":[55],"structure":[56],"student\u2013problem":[58],"performance":[59,64],"data":[60],"rather":[61],"than":[62],"average":[63],"measures.":[65],"This":[66],"method":[67],"allows":[68],"us":[69],"uncover":[71],"not":[72,129],"just":[73],"problems":[75],"on":[76],"which":[77],"are":[79],"struggling":[80],"but":[81,143],"also":[82,144],"variety":[84],"difficulties":[86],"face.":[89],"apply":[94],"methods":[95],"Dimension":[98],"Extraction":[99],"Coevolutionary":[100],"Algorithm":[101],"problem-solving":[104],"logs":[105],"generated":[108],"when":[109],"they":[110],"use":[111],"an":[112],"online":[113],"software":[114,142],"tutoring":[115,141],"suite":[116],"for":[117,133,169],"introductory":[118,170],"computer":[119],"programming":[120],"called":[121],"problets":[122],".":[123],"The":[124],"results":[125],"our":[127],"only":[130],"have":[131,145],"implications":[132],"how":[134],"scale":[136],"up":[137],"and":[138,159],"improve":[139],"adaptive":[140],"promise":[147],"contributing":[149],"identification":[152],"common":[154],"misconceptions":[155],"held":[156],"by":[157],"thus,":[160],"eventually,":[161],"construction":[164],"a":[166],"concept":[167],"inventory":[168],"programming.":[171]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-21T08:09:41.155169","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}