{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4284675352","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3477495.3531948","title":"Can Clicks Be Both Labels and Features?","display_name":"Can Clicks Be Both Labels and Features?","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-07-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4284675352","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3477495.3531948"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3477495.3531948","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3477495.3531948","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3477495.3531948","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608773","display_name":"Proceedings of the 45th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 45th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3477495.3531948","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027201139","display_name":"Tao Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6265-6177"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I223532165","display_name":"University of Utah","ror":"https://ror.org/03r0ha626","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tao Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104113998","display_name":"Chen Luo","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1311688040","display_name":"Amazon (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/04mv4n011","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1311688040"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210133358","display_name":"Search","ror":"https://ror.org/03f78hn46","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210133358"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chen Luo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Amazon Search, Palo Alto, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Amazon Search, Palo Alto, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1311688040","https://openalex.org/I4210133358"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100511737","display_name":"Hanqing Lu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9506-3407"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1311688040","display_name":"Amazon (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/04mv4n011","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1311688040"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210133358","display_name":"Search","ror":"https://ror.org/03f78hn46","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210133358"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hanqing Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Amazon Search, Palo Alto, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Amazon Search, Palo Alto, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1311688040","https://openalex.org/I4210133358"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102919542","display_name":"Parth Gupta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0232-3412"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1311688040","display_name":"Amazon (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/04mv4n011","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1311688040"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210133358","display_name":"Search","ror":"https://ror.org/03f78hn46","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210133358"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Parth Gupta","raw_affiliation_strings":["Amazon Search, Palo Alto, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Amazon Search, Palo Alto, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1311688040","https://openalex.org/I4210133358"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085519273","display_name":"Bing Yin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5890-0031"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1311688040","display_name":"Amazon (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/04mv4n011","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1311688040"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210133358","display_name":"Search","ror":"https://ror.org/03f78hn46","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210133358"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bing Yin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Amazon Search, Palo Alto, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Amazon Search, Palo Alto, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1311688040","https://openalex.org/I4210133358"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089655391","display_name":"Qingyao Ai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5030-709X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I223532165","display_name":"University of Utah","ror":"https://ror.org/03r0ha626","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qingyao Ai","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.4059,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":22,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97458973,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"6","last_page":"17"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11182","display_name":"Auction Theory and Applications","score":0.9958999752998352,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11182","display_name":"Auction Theory and Applications","score":0.9958999752998352,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11652","display_name":"Imbalanced Data Classification Techniques","score":0.989799976348877,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12072","display_name":"Machine Learning and Algorithms","score":0.9886999726295471,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8104090094566345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ranking","display_name":"Ranking (information retrieval)","score":0.7417770624160767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rank","display_name":"Rank (graph theory)","score":0.7346063852310181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/learning-to-rank","display_name":"Learning to rank","score":0.6968396306037903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/counterfactual-thinking","display_name":"Counterfactual thinking","score":0.6360595226287842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.6159912943840027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5779176354408264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5638503432273865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/term","display_name":"Term (time)","score":0.5405048727989197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/recommender-system","display_name":"Recommender system","score":0.4904129207134247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/projection","display_name":"Projection (relational algebra)","score":0.48050224781036377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.1040811836719513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.08230507373809814}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8104090094566345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189430467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7293293","display_name":"Ranking (information retrieval)","level":2,"score":0.7417770624160767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164226766","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7293202","display_name":"Rank (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.7346063852310181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86037889","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4330127","display_name":"Learning to rank","level":3,"score":0.6968396306037903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108650721","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1783253","display_name":"Counterfactual thinking","level":2,"score":0.6360595226287842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.6159912943840027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5779176354408264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5638503432273865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61797465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1188986","display_name":"Term (time)","level":2,"score":0.5405048727989197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C557471498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q554950","display_name":"Recommender system","level":2,"score":0.4904129207134247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57493831","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3134666","display_name":"Projection (relational algebra)","level":2,"score":0.48050224781036377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.1040811836719513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.08230507373809814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3477495.3531948","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3477495.3531948","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3477495.3531948","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608773","display_name":"Proceedings of the 45th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 45th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3477495.3531948","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3477495.3531948","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3477495.3531948","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608773","display_name":"Proceedings of the 45th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 45th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4699999988079071,"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334529","display_name":"School of Computing, University of Utah","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4284675352.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4284675352.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":58,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1488022545","https://openalex.org/W1602136775","https://openalex.org/W1984770088","https://openalex.org/W1990190154","https://openalex.org/W1992549066","https://openalex.org/W2007815473","https://openalex.org/W2009979684","https://openalex.org/W2069065514","https://openalex.org/W2082146655","https://openalex.org/W2087131461","https://openalex.org/W2102665362","https://openalex.org/W2108114251","https://openalex.org/W2115584760","https://openalex.org/W2121178930","https://openalex.org/W2125771191","https://openalex.org/W2143331230","https://openalex.org/W2149427297","https://openalex.org/W2158499994","https://openalex.org/W2159205954","https://openalex.org/W2279385734","https://openalex.org/W2295598076","https://openalex.org/W2340526403","https://openalex.org/W2507134384","https://openalex.org/W2531355666","https://openalex.org/W2566147423","https://openalex.org/W2741778471","https://openalex.org/W2759472822","https://openalex.org/W2796727080","https://openalex.org/W2797360710","https://openalex.org/W2797400361","https://openalex.org/W2798634418","https://openalex.org/W2890291106","https://openalex.org/W2911802745","https://openalex.org/W2922386288","https://openalex.org/W2948795993","https://openalex.org/W2955421345","https://openalex.org/W2976611402","https://openalex.org/W2989473187","https://openalex.org/W2997842202","https://openalex.org/W3010775781","https://openalex.org/W3012600133","https://openalex.org/W3028135017","https://openalex.org/W3072481648","https://openalex.org/W3101148092","https://openalex.org/W3101935024","https://openalex.org/W3101997094","https://openalex.org/W3102216552","https://openalex.org/W3103733168","https://openalex.org/W3105712174","https://openalex.org/W3112511105","https://openalex.org/W3130740428","https://openalex.org/W3135277963","https://openalex.org/W3156054180","https://openalex.org/W3177681238","https://openalex.org/W3210297745","https://openalex.org/W4237234790","https://openalex.org/W4251326898","https://openalex.org/W4288079518"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3127142483","https://openalex.org/W2293317945","https://openalex.org/W4323349240","https://openalex.org/W1786507113","https://openalex.org/W4318960487","https://openalex.org/W2558028811","https://openalex.org/W2499321295","https://openalex.org/W2364400397","https://openalex.org/W3006895932","https://openalex.org/W2513089531"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Using":[0,28],"implicit":[1,94],"feedback":[2],"collected":[3],"from":[4],"user":[5,29,58,89,126],"clicks":[6,30,59,127],"as":[7,31,60,100,128],"training":[8,108,130],"labels":[9,131],"for":[10,65,135],"learning-to-rank":[11,66,112],"algorithms":[12,188],"is":[13,63,72],"a":[14,152,158],"well-developed":[15],"paradigm":[16],"that":[17,170,189],"has":[18,38],"been":[19,40],"extensively":[20],"studied":[21],"and":[22,91,109,132,147,150,157,187],"used":[23],"in":[24,43,49,68,144],"modern":[25],"IR":[26],"systems.":[27],"ranking":[32,61,133,171],"features,":[33],"on":[34,166],"the":[35,55,69,77,83,93,101,106,122,142,175],"other":[36],"hand,":[37],"not":[39],"fully":[41],"explored":[42],"existing":[44],"literature.":[45],"Despite":[46],"its":[47],"potential":[48],"improving":[50],"short-term":[51],"system":[52],"performance,":[53],"whether":[54],"incorporation":[56],"of":[57,76,111,124],"features":[62,134,186],"beneficial":[64],"systems":[67,113],"long":[70],"term":[71],"still":[73],"questionable.":[74],"Two":[75],"most":[78],"important":[79],"problems":[80,143],"are":[81],"(1)":[82],"explicit":[84],"bias":[85],"introduced":[86,104],"by":[87,105],"noisy":[88],"behavior,":[90],"(2)":[92],"bias,":[95,103],"which":[96],"we":[97,120],"refer":[98],"to":[99,137,162],"exploitation":[102],"dynamic":[107],"serving":[110],"with":[114,174,183],"behavior":[115],"features.":[116],"In":[117],"this":[118],"paper,":[119],"explore":[121],"possibility":[123],"incorporating":[125],"both":[129],"learning":[136,161],"rank.":[138],"We":[139],"formally":[140],"investigate":[141],"feature":[145,154],"collection":[146],"model":[148,194],"training,":[149],"propose":[151],"counterfactual":[153],"projection":[155],"function":[156],"novel":[159],"uncertainty-aware":[160],"rank":[163,190],"framework.":[164],"Experiments":[165],"public":[167],"datasets":[168],"show":[169],"models":[172,181],"learned":[173],"proposed":[176],"framework":[177],"can":[178],"significantly":[179],"outperform":[180],"built":[182],"raw":[184],"click":[185],"items":[191],"without":[192],"considering":[193],"uncertainty.":[195]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}