{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4284673342","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3477495.3531793","title":"Detecting Frozen Phrases in Open-Domain Question Answering","display_name":"Detecting Frozen Phrases in Open-Domain Question Answering","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-07-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4284673342","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3477495.3531793"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3477495.3531793","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3477495.3531793","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608773","display_name":"Proceedings of the 45th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 45th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038309690","display_name":"Mostafa Yadegari","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154425047","display_name":"University of Alberta","ror":"https://ror.org/0160cpw27","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154425047"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mostafa Yadegari","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154425047"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043026875","display_name":"Ehsan Kamalloo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3081-8762"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154425047","display_name":"University of Alberta","ror":"https://ror.org/0160cpw27","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154425047"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ehsan Kamalloo","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154425047"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071837282","display_name":"Davood Rafiei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2403-0266"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154425047","display_name":"University of Alberta","ror":"https://ror.org/0160cpw27","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154425047"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Davood Rafiei","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154425047"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154425047"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.3374,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.5251686,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1990","last_page":"1996"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12031","display_name":"Speech and dialogue systems","score":0.988099992275238,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8192848563194275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.7300790548324585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/question-answering","display_name":"Question answering","score":0.7274444103240967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/open-domain","display_name":"Open domain","score":0.6668881773948669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6337957382202148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.6262549757957458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.6165965795516968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.44562941789627075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.4426823854446411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noun-phrase","display_name":"Noun phrase","score":0.41649484634399414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language","display_name":"Natural language","score":0.4161933660507202}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8192848563194275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.7300790548324585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44291984","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074173","display_name":"Question answering","level":2,"score":0.7274444103240967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993776861","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074173","display_name":"Open domain","level":3,"score":0.6668881773948669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6337957382202148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.6262549757957458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.6165965795516968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.44562941789627075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.4426823854446411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153962237","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1401131","display_name":"Noun phrase","level":3,"score":0.41649484634399414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195324797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33742","display_name":"Natural language","level":2,"score":0.4161933660507202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121934690","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1084","display_name":"Noun","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3477495.3531793","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3477495.3531793","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608773","display_name":"Proceedings of the 45th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 45th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.699999988079071,"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322183","display_name":"Huawei Technologies","ror":"https://ror.org/00cmhce21"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1994556419","https://openalex.org/W2000545282","https://openalex.org/W2061433145","https://openalex.org/W2087064593","https://openalex.org/W2126502509","https://openalex.org/W2137763598","https://openalex.org/W2153927559","https://openalex.org/W2162355876","https://openalex.org/W2759181158","https://openalex.org/W2889729765","https://openalex.org/W2912924812","https://openalex.org/W2949134692","https://openalex.org/W2951434086","https://openalex.org/W2962718483","https://openalex.org/W2962985038","https://openalex.org/W2963609889","https://openalex.org/W2964053384","https://openalex.org/W2981852735","https://openalex.org/W3016828850","https://openalex.org/W3027879771","https://openalex.org/W3099700870","https://openalex.org/W3100107515","https://openalex.org/W3100436891","https://openalex.org/W3156789018","https://openalex.org/W3168875417","https://openalex.org/W3176182290","https://openalex.org/W3199493219","https://openalex.org/W3208821253","https://openalex.org/W4238846128","https://openalex.org/W4239019441","https://openalex.org/W4288089799","https://openalex.org/W4289865932"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2051167396","https://openalex.org/W4309395021","https://openalex.org/W2368388617","https://openalex.org/W2072096098","https://openalex.org/W2970044932","https://openalex.org/W2382537163","https://openalex.org/W2999712133","https://openalex.org/W2119739007","https://openalex.org/W3215623572","https://openalex.org/W4284673342"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"There":[0],"is":[1,37,72,77,115],"essential":[2],"information":[3],"in":[4,12,57,131,140,145],"the":[5,64,87,119,146],"underlying":[6],"structure":[7,18],"of":[8,67,118,149],"words":[9],"and":[10,16,93],"phrases":[11,80,128],"natural":[13],"language":[14],"questions,":[15],"this":[17,24,108],"has":[19],"been":[20],"extensively":[21],"studied.":[22],"In":[23],"paper,":[25],"we":[26],"study":[27],"one":[28],"particular":[29],"structure,":[30],"referred":[31],"to":[32,40,47,101],"as":[33,42,89,142,144],"frozen":[34,79,127],"phrases,":[35,51],"that":[36,114,125],"highly":[38,135],"expected":[39],"transfer":[41],"a":[43,68,90,103,111],"whole":[44],"from":[45,97],"questions":[46],"answer":[48,132],"passages.":[49],"Frozen":[50],"if":[52,78],"detected,":[53],"can":[54,81],"be":[55,82],"helpful":[56],"open-domain":[58,150],"Question":[59],"Answering":[60],"(QA)":[61],"where":[62],"identifying":[63],"localized":[65],"context":[66],"given":[69],"input":[70],"question":[71,76],"crucial.":[73],"An":[74],"interesting":[75],"accurately":[83],"detected.":[84],"We":[85,105],"cast":[86],"problem":[88],"sequence-labeling":[91],"task":[92],"create":[94],"synthetic":[95],"data":[96],"existing":[98],"QA":[99,151],"datasets":[100],"train":[102],"model.":[104],"further":[106],"plug":[107],"model":[109],"into":[110],"sparse":[112],"retriever":[113],"made":[116],"aware":[117],"detected":[120],"phrases.":[121],"Our":[122],"experiments":[123],"reveal":[124],"detecting":[126],"whose":[129],"presence":[130],"documents":[133],"are":[134],"plausible":[136],"yields":[137],"significant":[138],"improvements":[139],"retrievals":[141],"well":[143],"end-to-end":[147],"accuracy":[148],"models.":[152]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}