{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4229027836","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3477314.3507269","title":"Leveraging n-gram neural embeddings to improve deep learning DGA detection","display_name":"Leveraging n-gram neural embeddings to improve deep learning DGA detection","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-04-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4229027836","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3477314.3507269"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3477314.3507269","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3477314.3507269","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608665","display_name":"Proceedings of the 37th ACM/SIGAPP Symposium on Applied Computing","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 37th ACM/SIGAPP Symposium on Applied Computing","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016251992","display_name":"Christian Morbidoni","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0244-9322"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39387349","display_name":"University of Chieti-Pescara","ror":"https://ror.org/00qjgza05","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39387349"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christian Morbidoni","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universit\u00e0 degli Studi G. d'Annunzio, Pescara, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi G. d'Annunzio, Pescara, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39387349"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055715757","display_name":"Luca Spalazzi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4807-6632"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122534668","display_name":"Marche Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/00x69rs40","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122534668"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luca Spalazzi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universit\u00e0 Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universit\u00e0 Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122534668"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039432518","display_name":"Antonio Teti","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39387349","display_name":"University of Chieti-Pescara","ror":"https://ror.org/00qjgza05","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39387349"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Antonio Teti","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universit\u00e0 degli Studi G. d'Annunzio, Pescara, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi G. d'Annunzio, Pescara, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39387349"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071959554","display_name":"Alessandro Cucchiarelli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0173-9862"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122534668","display_name":"Marche Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/00x69rs40","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122534668"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alessandro Cucchiarelli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universit\u00e0 Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universit\u00e0 Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122534668"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"995","last_page":"1004"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8471682071685791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/malware","display_name":"Malware","score":0.7137547731399536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6975525617599487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.6296716332435608},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.6196697354316711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.6084558963775635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedding","display_name":"Embedding","score":0.5366074442863464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain-name-system","display_name":"Domain Name System","score":0.5223958492279053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.5102336406707764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/n-gram","display_name":"n-gram","score":0.4532800614833832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/server","display_name":"Server","score":0.4437680244445801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3232448995113373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.203328937292099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-model","display_name":"Language model","score":0.19115746021270752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.12659874558448792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.09802800416946411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.07912853360176086}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8471682071685791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C541664917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14001","display_name":"Malware","level":2,"score":0.7137547731399536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6975525617599487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.6296716332435608},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.6196697354316711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.6084558963775635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41608201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980509","display_name":"Embedding","level":2,"score":0.5366074442863464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35026560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8767","display_name":"Domain Name System","level":3,"score":0.5223958492279053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.5102336406707764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117884012","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q94489","display_name":"n-gram","level":3,"score":0.4532800614833832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93996380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44127","display_name":"Server","level":2,"score":0.4437680244445801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3232448995113373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.203328937292099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.19115746021270752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.12659874558448792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.09802800416946411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.07912853360176086}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3477314.3507269","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3477314.3507269","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608665","display_name":"Proceedings of the 37th ACM/SIGAPP Symposium on Applied Computing","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 37th ACM/SIGAPP Symposium on Applied Computing","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:iris.univpm.it:11566/310410","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11566/310410","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402571","display_name":"Universit\u00e0 Politecnica delle Marche (Universit\u00e0 Politecnica delle Marche)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I122534668","host_organization_name":"Marche Polytechnic University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122534668"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1485321296","https://openalex.org/W2528572867","https://openalex.org/W2768793959","https://openalex.org/W2773671123","https://openalex.org/W2890863483","https://openalex.org/W2900892325","https://openalex.org/W2909500081","https://openalex.org/W2912464539","https://openalex.org/W2912755644","https://openalex.org/W2914304175","https://openalex.org/W2940958568","https://openalex.org/W2942245271","https://openalex.org/W2944360588","https://openalex.org/W2950335900","https://openalex.org/W2967189403","https://openalex.org/W2967605536","https://openalex.org/W2979462950","https://openalex.org/W2990714382","https://openalex.org/W2997609900","https://openalex.org/W2999697944","https://openalex.org/W3014018380","https://openalex.org/W3019675698","https://openalex.org/W3019875810","https://openalex.org/W3021740526","https://openalex.org/W3044535915","https://openalex.org/W3114681532","https://openalex.org/W3131488785","https://openalex.org/W3139210187","https://openalex.org/W4206442619","https://openalex.org/W4288079986"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2183899684","https://openalex.org/W2097492617","https://openalex.org/W3004039032","https://openalex.org/W2753240997","https://openalex.org/W2054545906","https://openalex.org/W2065991182","https://openalex.org/W2948569047","https://openalex.org/W596534943","https://openalex.org/W3214913819","https://openalex.org/W2784818382"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Several":[0],"families":[1],"of":[2,72,123,132,151,161,174,181,192,197,209,234],"malware":[3,45],"are":[4,32,168,212],"based":[5],"on":[6],"the":[7,44,53,67,121,130,149,159,179,201,219],"need":[8],"to":[9,22,36,56,62,107,129,157],"establish":[10,63],"a":[11,14,37,49,64,137,162,171,183,189,231],"connection":[12,65],"with":[13,66,127,207,227],"Command":[15],"and":[16,116,140],"Control":[17],"(C&C)":[18],"server.":[19,69],"In":[20,143],"addition,":[21],"avoid":[23],"detection,":[24],"these":[25,111],"servers":[26],"\"hide\"":[27],"behind":[28],"domain":[29,74,134],"names":[30,75],"that":[31,46],"periodically":[33],"changed":[34],"according":[35],"specific":[38],"Domain":[39],"Generation":[40],"Algorithm":[41],"(DGA).":[42],"Hence,":[43],"has":[47],"infected":[48],"particular":[50],"host":[51],"uses":[52],"same":[54,202],"DGA":[55,165],"make":[57],"DNS":[58,78],"queries":[59,79],"in":[60,77,96],"order":[61],"C&C":[68],"The":[70],"identification":[71],"\"malicious\"":[73],"used":[76],"is":[80,136,221],"therefore":[81],"crucial":[82],"for":[83,204,224],"their":[84],"detection.":[85],"For":[86],"this":[87,144],"purpose,":[88],"various":[89],"machine":[90],"learning":[91,100],"techniques":[92,101,112],"have":[93,102],"been":[94],"used,":[95],"particular,":[97],"recently,":[98],"deep":[99],"proved":[103],"especially":[104],"effective.":[105],"However,":[106],"get":[108],"good":[109],"results,":[110],"require":[113],"very":[114,138],"large":[115,172],"labelled":[117],"training":[118,186],"datasets.":[119],"Nevertheless,":[120],"construction":[122],"such":[124],"datasets,":[125],"decidedly":[126],"regard":[128],"collection":[131],"malicious":[133,193,235],"names,":[135,176],"difficult":[139],"non-scalable":[141],"task.":[142],"paper,":[145],"therefore,":[146],"we":[147],"explore":[148],"possibility":[150,180],"exploiting":[152],"unsupervised":[153],"character":[154],"n-gram":[155],"embeddings":[156],"improve":[158],"performance":[160],"Deep":[163],"Learning":[164],"classifier.":[166],"Embeddings":[167],"trained":[169,206,226],"using":[170,182],"dataset":[173,187],"benign":[175],"opening":[177],"up":[178],"small":[184,190,228,232],"classifier":[185],"requiring":[188],"number":[191,233],"names.":[194,236],"A":[195],"series":[196],"experiments,":[198],"which":[199],"use":[200],"embedding":[203,220],"classifiers":[205,225],"datasets":[208,229],"increasing":[210],"size,":[211],"then":[213],"presented.":[214],"These":[215],"experiments":[216],"show":[217],"how":[218],"particularly":[222],"effective":[223],"having":[230]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}