{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3208962647","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3476887.3476888","title":"A survey of OCR evaluation tools and metrics","display_name":"A survey of OCR evaluation tools and metrics","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-09-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3208962647","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3476887.3476888","mag":"3208962647"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3476887.3476888","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3476887.3476888","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The 6th International Workshop on Historical Document Imaging and Processing","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"http://usir.salford.ac.uk/id/eprint/62335/1/pg13_hip21-1_Neudecker%281%29.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060385793","display_name":"Clemens Neudecker","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5293-8322"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802918869","display_name":"Berlin State Library","ror":"https://ror.org/02ysgg478","country_code":"DE","type":"archive","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800703586","https://openalex.org/I2802918869"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Clemens Neudecker","raw_affiliation_strings":["Berlin State Library, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Berlin State Library, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802918869"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061484718","display_name":"Konstantin Baierer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2397-242X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802918869","display_name":"Berlin State Library","ror":"https://ror.org/02ysgg478","country_code":"DE","type":"archive","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800703586","https://openalex.org/I2802918869"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Konstantin Baierer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Berlin State Library, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Berlin State Library, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802918869"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089350313","display_name":"Mike Gerber","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2167-4322"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802918869","display_name":"Berlin State Library","ror":"https://ror.org/02ysgg478","country_code":"DE","type":"archive","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800703586","https://openalex.org/I2802918869"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mike Gerber","raw_affiliation_strings":["Berlin State Library, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Berlin State Library, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802918869"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061198957","display_name":"Christian Clausner","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6041-1002"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I54459138","display_name":"University of Salford","ror":"https://ror.org/01tmqtf75","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I54459138"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christian Clausner","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Salford, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Salford, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I54459138"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033674031","display_name":"Apostolos Antonacopoulos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9552-0233"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I54459138","display_name":"University of Salford","ror":"https://ror.org/01tmqtf75","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I54459138"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Apostolos Antonacopoulos","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Salford, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Salford, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I54459138"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017391408","display_name":"Stefan Pletschacher","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0541-0968"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I54459138","display_name":"University of Salford","ror":"https://ror.org/01tmqtf75","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I54459138"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stefan Pletschacher","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Salford, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Salford, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I54459138"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5060385793"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802918869"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.5934,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":60,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94376959,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"13","last_page":"18"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11269","display_name":"Algorithms and Data Compression","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11439","display_name":"Video Analysis and Summarization","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.682388961315155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.36085325479507446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3381097912788391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.32169991731643677}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.682388961315155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.36085325479507446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3381097912788391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.32169991731643677}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3476887.3476888","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3476887.3476888","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The 6th International Workshop on Historical Document Imaging and Processing","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:usir.salford.ac.uk:62335","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://usir.salford.ac.uk/id/eprint/62335/1/pg13_hip21-1_Neudecker%281%29.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401501","display_name":"University of Salford Institutional Repository (University of Salford)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I54459138","host_organization_name":"University of Salford","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I54459138"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Conference or Workshop Item"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:usir.salford.ac.uk:62335","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://usir.salford.ac.uk/id/eprint/62335/1/pg13_hip21-1_Neudecker%281%29.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401501","display_name":"University of Salford Institutional Repository (University of Salford)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I54459138","host_organization_name":"University of Salford","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I54459138"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Conference or Workshop Item"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.8999999761581421}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311740","display_name":"University of Salford Manchester","ror":"https://ror.org/01tmqtf75"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1647671624","https://openalex.org/W2013848960","https://openalex.org/W2016234256","https://openalex.org/W2040799618","https://openalex.org/W2053050503","https://openalex.org/W2056471870","https://openalex.org/W2059513841","https://openalex.org/W2063420976","https://openalex.org/W2069172670","https://openalex.org/W2101793424","https://openalex.org/W2106311500","https://openalex.org/W2116604999","https://openalex.org/W2126686557","https://openalex.org/W2149128132","https://openalex.org/W2152162047","https://openalex.org/W2165254367","https://openalex.org/W2168005840","https://openalex.org/W2212003014","https://openalex.org/W2266997980","https://openalex.org/W2308839768","https://openalex.org/W2328150715","https://openalex.org/W2503697509","https://openalex.org/W2575327185","https://openalex.org/W2771707750","https://openalex.org/W2912512851","https://openalex.org/W2963080091","https://openalex.org/W2967691513","https://openalex.org/W2981353851","https://openalex.org/W2982632725","https://openalex.org/W2986829274","https://openalex.org/W2990235080","https://openalex.org/W3004051332","https://openalex.org/W3004338823","https://openalex.org/W3012289950","https://openalex.org/W3037091812","https://openalex.org/W3095353111","https://openalex.org/W3101462010","https://openalex.org/W4287812170","https://openalex.org/W4294366517","https://openalex.org/W7047636377"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2382290278","https://openalex.org/W2350741829","https://openalex.org/W2130043461","https://openalex.org/W2530322880","https://openalex.org/W3192589309"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"millions":[1],"of":[2,4,37,43,107,128,138,177],"pages":[3],"historical":[5],"documents":[6],"that":[7,17],"are":[8,12,83,94,132],"digitized":[9],"in":[10,15,61,76,175],"libraries":[11],"increasingly":[13],"used":[14,80],"contexts":[16],"have":[18],"more":[19],"specific":[20],"requirements":[21],"for":[22,54,111,149,165,185],"OCR":[23,38,65,88,139,150,155],"quality":[24,36],"than":[25],"keyword":[26],"search.":[27],"How":[28],"to":[29,59,74],"comprehensively,":[30],"efficiently":[31],"and":[32,72,91,126,142,152,162,173,182],"reliably":[33],"assess":[34],"the":[35,41,105,120,129,171,178],"results":[39,63],"against":[40],"background":[42],"mass":[44],"digitization,":[45],"when":[46],"ground":[47],"truth":[48],"can":[49,68],"only":[50],"ever":[51],"be":[52],"produced":[53],"very":[55],"small":[56],"numbers?":[57],"Due":[58],"gaps":[60],"specifications,":[62],"from":[64],"evaluation":[66,89,140,156,160],"tools":[67,161],"return":[69],"different":[70,163],"results,":[71,151],"due":[73],"differences":[75,172],"implementation,":[77],"even":[78],"commonly":[79],"error":[81],"rates":[82],"often":[84],"not":[85,96,101],"directly":[86],"comparable.":[87],"metrics":[90,141,164],"sampling":[92],"methods":[93],"also":[95],"sufficient":[97],"where":[98],"they":[99],"do":[100],"take":[102],"into":[103],"account":[104],"accuracy":[106],"layout":[108,124],"analysis,":[109],"since":[110],"advanced":[112,146],"use":[113,147,180],"cases":[114,148,181],"like":[115],"Natural":[116],"Language":[117],"Processing":[118],"or":[119],"Digital":[121],"Humanities,":[122],"accurate":[123],"analysis":[125],"detection":[127],"reading":[130],"order":[131],"crucial.":[133],"We":[134,169],"provide":[135],"an":[136,154],"overview":[137],"tools,":[143],"describe":[144],"two":[145,166],"perform":[153],"experiment":[157],"with":[158],"multiple":[159],"distinct":[167],"datasets.":[168],"analyze":[170],"commonalities":[174],"light":[176],"presented":[179],"suggest":[183],"areas":[184],"future":[186],"work.":[187]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-04-18T07:56:08.524223","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
