{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3214248890","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3474374.3486916","title":"Your Smart Contracts Are Not Secure","display_name":"Your Smart Contracts Are Not Secure","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-11-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3214248890","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3474374.3486916","mag":"3214248890"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3474374.3486916","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3474374.3486916","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3474374.3486916","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Cyber-Security Arms Race","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3474374.3486916","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055343994","display_name":"Kevin Tjiam","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98358874","display_name":"Delft University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2c7k09","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kevin Tjiam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100431156","display_name":"Rui Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8495-3631"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98358874","display_name":"Delft University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2c7k09","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rui Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100605447","display_name":"Huanhuan Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3918-384X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98358874","display_name":"Delft University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2c7k09","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huanhuan Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001485404","display_name":"Kaitai Liang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0262-7678"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98358874","display_name":"Delft University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2c7k09","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kaitai Liang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5055343994"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.5372,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":25,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95036629,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"25","last_page":"35"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11838","display_name":"Crime, Illicit Activities, and Governance","score":0.9424999952316284,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exploit","display_name":"Exploit","score":0.8786919116973877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-contract","display_name":"Smart contract","score":0.8031404614448547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.781451940536499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database-transaction","display_name":"Database transaction","score":0.5765286684036255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vulnerability","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","score":0.5528978109359741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oracle","display_name":"Oracle","score":0.5419133901596069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5393071174621582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/order","display_name":"Order (exchange)","score":0.5143533945083618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-oracle","display_name":"Random oracle","score":0.46706610918045044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dependency","display_name":"Dependency (UML)","score":0.4643993675708771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/financial-transaction","display_name":"Financial transaction","score":0.4218948781490326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/settlement","display_name":"Settlement (finance)","score":0.42189162969589233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pace","display_name":"Pace","score":0.410094678401947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.3800974488258362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-privacy","display_name":"Internet privacy","score":0.32963550090789795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.23651331663131714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-key-cryptography","display_name":"Public-key cryptography","score":0.1639775037765503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/finance","display_name":"Finance","score":0.1562950611114502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.11157822608947754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.08288699388504028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.08123520016670227}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.8786919116973877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779950589","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7544035","display_name":"Smart contract","level":3,"score":0.8031404614448547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.781451940536499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75949130","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q848010","display_name":"Database transaction","level":2,"score":0.5765286684036255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95713431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631425","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5528978109359741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55166926","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2892946","display_name":"Oracle","level":2,"score":0.5419133901596069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5393071174621582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182306322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1779371","display_name":"Order (exchange)","level":2,"score":0.5143533945083618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94284585","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228184","display_name":"Random oracle","level":4,"score":0.46706610918045044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19768560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q320727","display_name":"Dependency (UML)","level":2,"score":0.4643993675708771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164516710","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1166072","display_name":"Financial transaction","level":3,"score":0.4218948781490326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777063073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1553237","display_name":"Settlement (finance)","level":3,"score":0.42189162969589233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777526511","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q691543","display_name":"Pace","level":2,"score":0.410094678401947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.3800974488258362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.32963550090789795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.23651331663131714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203062551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201339","display_name":"Public-key cryptography","level":3,"score":0.1639775037765503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.1562950611114502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.11157822608947754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.08288699388504028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.08123520016670227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145097563","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1148747","display_name":"Payment","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3474374.3486916","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3474374.3486916","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3474374.3486916","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Cyber-Security Arms Race","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:tudelft.nl:uuid:9d96e6e9-0203-46d1-9edd-1c8c4304571e","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:9d96e6e9-0203-46d1-9edd-1c8c4304571e","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400906","display_name":"Research Repository (Delft University of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I98358874","host_organization_name":"Delft University of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"conference paper"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3474374.3486916","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3474374.3486916","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3474374.3486916","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Cyber-Security Arms Race","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321012","display_name":"Technische Universiteit Delft","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2c7k09"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3214248890.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3214248890.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":7,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2604844934","https://openalex.org/W2755779661","https://openalex.org/W2940095387","https://openalex.org/W2980828401","https://openalex.org/W3082368518","https://openalex.org/W3129447101","https://openalex.org/W3176695921"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2073713056","https://openalex.org/W3110702597","https://openalex.org/W2078761926","https://openalex.org/W2110441383","https://openalex.org/W2125620709","https://openalex.org/W1498872724","https://openalex.org/W4233149903","https://openalex.org/W4293864700","https://openalex.org/W2524540579","https://openalex.org/W4376606592"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Smart":[0],"contracts":[1,139],"on":[2,58,81,113,187],"Ethereum":[3,103],"enable":[4],"billions":[5],"of":[6,93,102,133,135,147,159,196],"dollars":[7,136],"to":[8,27,37,79,89,97,130,178],"be":[9],"transacted":[10],"in":[11,22,35,43,140],"a":[12,54,105,153,166],"decentralized,":[13],"transparent":[14],"and":[15,30,64,87,96,120,162,182,185,194],"trustless":[16],"environment.":[17],"However,":[18],"adversaries":[19],"lie":[20],"await":[21],"the":[23,49,82,91,100,141,172,180],"Dark":[24],"Forest,":[25],"waiting":[26],"exploit":[28],"any":[29],"all":[31],"smart":[32,59,74,115,138],"contract":[33,60,75,116],"vulnerabilities":[34,61,86,126],"order":[36],"extract":[38,131],"profits":[39],"from":[40,137,156],"unsuspecting":[41],"victims":[42],"this":[44,149],"new":[45],"financial":[46,106],"system.":[47],"As":[48],"blockchain":[50],"space":[51],"moves":[52],"at":[53],"breakneck":[55],"pace,":[56],"exploits":[57],"rapidly":[62],"evolve,":[63],"existing":[65],"research":[66,110],"quickly":[67],"becomes":[68],"obsolete.":[69],"It":[70],"is":[71],"imperative":[72],"that":[73],"developers":[76],"stay":[77],"up":[78],"date":[80],"current":[83],"most":[84],"damaging":[85],"countermeasures":[88,177,198],"ensure":[90,99],"security":[92],"users'":[94],"funds,":[95],"collectively":[98],"future":[101,204],"as":[104,169],"settlement":[107],"layer.":[108],"This":[109],"work":[111],"focuses":[112],"two":[114,125],"vulnerabilities:":[117],"transaction-ordering":[118],"dependency":[119],"oracle":[121],"manipulation.":[122],"Combined,":[123],"these":[124,197],"have":[127],"been":[128],"exploited":[129],"hundreds":[132],"millions":[134],"past":[142],"year":[143],"(2020-2021).":[144],"For":[145],"each":[146],"them,":[148],"paper":[150],"presents:":[151],"(1)":[152],"literary":[154],"survey":[155],"recent":[157],"(as":[158],"2021)":[160],"formal":[161],"informal":[163],"sources;":[164],"(2)":[165],"reproducible":[167],"experiment":[168],"code":[170],"demonstrating":[171],"vulnerability":[173],"and,":[174],"where":[175],"applicable,":[176],"mitigate":[179],"vulnerability;":[181],"(3)":[183],"analysis":[184],"discussion":[186],"proposed":[188],"countermeasures.":[189],"To":[190],"conclude,":[191],"strengths,":[192],"weaknesses":[193],"trade-offs":[195],"are":[199],"summarised,":[200],"inspiring":[201],"directions":[202],"for":[203],"research.":[205]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-03-10T16:38:18.471706","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
