{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3207267733","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3474085.3475709","title":"Pre-training Graph Transformer with Multimodal Side Information for Recommendation","display_name":"Pre-training Graph Transformer with Multimodal Side Information for Recommendation","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-10-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3207267733","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3474085.3475709","mag":"3207267733"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3474085.3475709","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3474085.3475709","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 29th ACM International Conference on Multimedia","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://dr.ntu.edu.sg/bitstream/10356/156088/3/MM21-PMGT-AAM.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072988055","display_name":"Yong Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9031-9696"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yong Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066945038","display_name":"Susen Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6033-9901"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45928872","display_name":"Alibaba Group (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/00k642b80","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45928872"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Susen Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Alibaba Group, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Alibaba Group, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45928872"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046590511","display_name":"Chenyi Lei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6287-3673"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45928872","display_name":"Alibaba Group (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/00k642b80","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45928872"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chenyi Lei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Alibaba Group & University of Science and Technology of China, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Alibaba Group & University of Science and Technology of China, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45928872","https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101457292","display_name":"Guoxin Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2363-8595"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45928872","display_name":"Alibaba Group (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/00k642b80","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45928872"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guoxin Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Alibaba Group & Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Alibaba Group & Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45928872","https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101669398","display_name":"Haihong Tang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7103-975X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45928872","display_name":"Alibaba Group (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/00k642b80","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45928872"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haihong Tang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Alibaba Group, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Alibaba Group, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45928872"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101904821","display_name":"Juyong Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1805-1426"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Juyong Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100618738","display_name":"Aixin Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0764-4258"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aixin Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100382077","display_name":"Chunyan Miao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0300-3448"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chunyan Miao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.6456,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":73,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97142287,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"2853","last_page":"2861"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11273","display_name":"Advanced Graph Neural Networks","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8079631924629211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exploit","display_name":"Exploit","score":0.6447737812995911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.5689778923988342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph","display_name":"Graph","score":0.5308996438980103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4864346981048584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4816664457321167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/homogeneous","display_name":"Homogeneous","score":0.4413609504699707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.4319623112678528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multimodality","display_name":"Multimodality","score":0.41094279289245605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3305005431175232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.3300641179084778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.20956242084503174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.17990243434906006}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8079631924629211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.6447737812995911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.5689778923988342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.5308996438980103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4864346981048584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4816664457321167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66882249","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q169336","display_name":"Homogeneous","level":2,"score":0.4413609504699707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.4319623112678528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780910867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1952416","display_name":"Multimodality","level":2,"score":0.41094279289245605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3305005431175232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.3300641179084778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.20956242084503174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.17990243434906006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3474085.3475709","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3474085.3475709","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 29th ACM International Conference on Multimedia","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dr.ntu.edu.sg:10356/156088","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10356/156088","pdf_url":"https://dr.ntu.edu.sg/bitstream/10356/156088/3/MM21-PMGT-AAM.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402609","display_name":"DR-NTU (Nanyang Technological University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","host_organization_name":"Nanyang Technological University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Conference Paper"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:dr.ntu.edu.sg:10356/156088","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10356/156088","pdf_url":"https://dr.ntu.edu.sg/bitstream/10356/156088/3/MM21-PMGT-AAM.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402609","display_name":"DR-NTU (Nanyang Technological University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","host_organization_name":"Nanyang Technological University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Conference Paper"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2829588946","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AISG-GC-2019-003","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320709","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation Singapore"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3637000134","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NRF-NRFI05-2019-0002","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320709","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation Singapore"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","display_name":"National Research Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/05s0g1g46"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320709","display_name":"National Research Foundation Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/03cpyc314"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320766","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3207267733.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3207267733.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":46,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1888005072","https://openalex.org/W2008886893","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2127795553","https://openalex.org/W2154851992","https://openalex.org/W2250539671","https://openalex.org/W2274287116","https://openalex.org/W2294501066","https://openalex.org/W2295598076","https://openalex.org/W2295739661","https://openalex.org/W2402144811","https://openalex.org/W2511794140","https://openalex.org/W2526050071","https://openalex.org/W2605350416","https://openalex.org/W2624431344","https://openalex.org/W2739273093","https://openalex.org/W2750075801","https://openalex.org/W2893944917","https://openalex.org/W2950133940","https://openalex.org/W2950813464","https://openalex.org/W2951707557","https://openalex.org/W2953384591","https://openalex.org/W2962756421","https://openalex.org/W2963224980","https://openalex.org/W2963403868","https://openalex.org/W2964182926","https://openalex.org/W2965209830","https://openalex.org/W2970929262","https://openalex.org/W2971196067","https://openalex.org/W2979129662","https://openalex.org/W2991391304","https://openalex.org/W2996604169","https://openalex.org/W3023371261","https://openalex.org/W3036446966","https://openalex.org/W3080997787","https://openalex.org/W3090449556","https://openalex.org/W3099152386","https://openalex.org/W3099619380","https://openalex.org/W3102476541","https://openalex.org/W3104097132","https://openalex.org/W3105705953","https://openalex.org/W3122507327","https://openalex.org/W3163325638","https://openalex.org/W3165548017","https://openalex.org/W4288083766","https://openalex.org/W4297971002"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4205899436","https://openalex.org/W17155033","https://openalex.org/W2462138927","https://openalex.org/W3111427900","https://openalex.org/W3207760230","https://openalex.org/W1496222301","https://openalex.org/W4302009627","https://openalex.org/W4312814274","https://openalex.org/W1590307681","https://openalex.org/W2536018345"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Side":[0],"information":[1,46,78,135],"of":[2,24,71,158],"items,":[3],"e.g.,":[4,57],"images":[5],"and":[6,30,47,59,74,113,146],"text":[7],"description,":[8],"has":[9],"shown":[10],"to":[11,16,37,89,136],"be":[12],"effective":[13],"in":[14,79,140,161],"contributing":[15],"accurate":[17],"recommendations.":[18],"Inspired":[19],"by":[20,41,53],"the":[21,126,132],"recent":[22],"success":[23],"pre-training":[25,35],"models":[26],"on":[27,121],"natural":[28],"language":[29],"images,":[31],"we":[32,152],"propose":[33],"a":[34,61,68,83,155],"strategy":[36],"learn":[38],"item":[39,44,63,72,104,144],"representations":[40,105],"considering":[42],"both":[43],"side":[45,77,134],"their":[48,75],"relationships.":[49],"We":[50,81],"relate":[51],"items":[52],"common":[54],"user":[55],"activities,":[56],"co-purchase,":[58],"construct":[60],"homogeneous":[62],"graph.":[64],"This":[65],"graph":[66,110],"provides":[67],"unified":[69],"view":[70],"relations":[73],"associated":[76],"multimodality.":[80],"develop":[82],"novel":[84],"sampling":[85],"algorithm":[86],"named":[87],"MCNSampling":[88],"select":[90],"contextual":[91],"neighbors":[92],"for":[93],"each":[94],"item.":[95],"The":[96],"proposed":[97,127],"Pre-trained":[98],"Multimodal":[99],"Graph":[100],"Transformer":[101],"(PMGT)":[102],"learns":[103],"with":[106,165],"two":[107],"objectives:":[108],"1)":[109],"structure":[111],"reconstruction,":[112],"2)":[114],"masked":[115],"node":[116],"feature":[117],"reconstruction.":[118],"Experimental":[119],"results":[120],"real":[122],"datasets":[123],"demonstrate":[124],"that":[125],"PMGT":[128,160],"model":[129],"effectively":[130],"exploits":[131],"multimodality":[133],"achieve":[137],"better":[138],"accuracies":[139],"downstream":[141],"tasks":[142],"including":[143],"recommendation":[145],"click-through":[147],"ratio":[148],"prediction.":[149],"In":[150],"addition,":[151],"also":[153],"report":[154],"case":[156],"study":[157],"testing":[159],"an":[162],"online":[163],"setting":[164],"600":[166],"thousand":[167],"users.":[168]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-07-02T09:51:11.867554","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}