{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3206880386","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3474085.3475591","title":"DAWN","display_name":"DAWN","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-10-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3206880386","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3474085.3475591","mag":"3206880386"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3474085.3475591","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3474085.3475591","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 29th ACM International Conference on Multimedia","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://aaltodoc.aalto.fi/bitstreams/11ec7679-d118-4245-aad9-c8ff13a384e7/download","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022661875","display_name":"Sebastian Szyller","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9927081","display_name":"Aalto University","ror":"https://ror.org/020hwjq30","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sebastian Szyller","raw_affiliation_strings":["Aalto University, Espoo, Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aalto University, Espoo, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001216110","display_name":"Buse Gul Atli","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9927081","display_name":"Aalto University","ror":"https://ror.org/020hwjq30","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Buse Gul Atli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Aalto University, Espoo, Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aalto University, Espoo, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040731348","display_name":"Samuel Marchal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8522-2707"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128912","display_name":"F-Secure (Finland)","ror":"https://ror.org/036yna661","country_code":"FI","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210128912"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9927081","display_name":"Aalto University","ror":"https://ror.org/020hwjq30","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Samuel Marchal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Aalto University &amp; F-Secure Corporation, Espoo, Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aalto University &amp; F-Secure Corporation, Espoo, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128912","https://openalex.org/I9927081"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016685507","display_name":"N. Asokan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5093-9871"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151746483","display_name":"University of Waterloo","ror":"https://ror.org/01aff2v68","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"N. Asokan","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Waterloo &amp; Aalto University, Waterloo, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Waterloo &amp; Aalto University, Waterloo, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":11.0563,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":117,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98699566,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"4417","last_page":"4425"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9972000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9825999736785889,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8207881450653076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-watermarking","display_name":"Digital watermarking","score":0.8073641061782837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversary","display_name":"Adversary","score":0.7251083254814148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/watermark","display_name":"Watermark","score":0.666625440120697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedding","display_name":"Embedding","score":0.5602169036865234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5451833009719849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversarial-system","display_name":"Adversarial system","score":0.4496408998966217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4492453932762146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/insider-threat","display_name":"Insider threat","score":0.4338022768497467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.4336146414279938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.4170551300048828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surrogate-model","display_name":"Surrogate model","score":0.41502249240875244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.40042006969451904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.14846894145011902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/insider","display_name":"Insider","score":0.10366809368133545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law","display_name":"Law","score":0.08087784051895142}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8207881450653076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150817343","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q875932","display_name":"Digital watermarking","level":3,"score":0.8073641061782837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41065033","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2825412","display_name":"Adversary","level":2,"score":0.7251083254814148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164112704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7974348","display_name":"Watermark","level":3,"score":0.666625440120697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41608201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980509","display_name":"Embedding","level":2,"score":0.5602169036865234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5451833009719849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.4496408998966217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4492453932762146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776633304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6038026","display_name":"Insider threat","level":3,"score":0.4338022768497467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.4336146414279938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.4170551300048828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131675550","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7646884","display_name":"Surrogate model","level":2,"score":0.41502249240875244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.40042006969451904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.14846894145011902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778971194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1664551","display_name":"Insider","level":2,"score":0.10366809368133545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.08087784051895142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3474085.3475591","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3474085.3475591","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 29th ACM International Conference on Multimedia","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:aaltodoc.aalto.fi:123456789/122309","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://aaltodoc.aalto.fi/handle/123456789/122309","pdf_url":"https://aaltodoc.aalto.fi/bitstreams/11ec7679-d118-4245-aad9-c8ff13a384e7/download","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401663","display_name":"Aaltodoc (Aalto University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I9927081","host_organization_name":"Aalto University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"G5 Artikkeliv\u00e4it\u00f6skirja"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:aaltodoc.aalto.fi:123456789/122309","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://aaltodoc.aalto.fi/handle/123456789/122309","pdf_url":"https://aaltodoc.aalto.fi/bitstreams/11ec7679-d118-4245-aad9-c8ff13a384e7/download","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401663","display_name":"Aaltodoc (Aalto University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I9927081","host_organization_name":"Aalto University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"G5 Artikkeliv\u00e4it\u00f6skirja"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.4099999964237213,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3206880386.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3206880386.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1576445103","https://openalex.org/W1587819022","https://openalex.org/W1663973292","https://openalex.org/W1781642226","https://openalex.org/W2075729786","https://openalex.org/W2095705004","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2117876524","https://openalex.org/W2124890704","https://openalex.org/W2144513243","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2233384038","https://openalex.org/W2461943168","https://openalex.org/W2566079294","https://openalex.org/W2579318729","https://openalex.org/W2603766943","https://openalex.org/W2618043096","https://openalex.org/W2753783305","https://openalex.org/W2786379237","https://openalex.org/W2806082141","https://openalex.org/W2808195004","https://openalex.org/W2935349488","https://openalex.org/W2947527202","https://openalex.org/W2949311987","https://openalex.org/W2963303354","https://openalex.org/W2963446712","https://openalex.org/W2963465081","https://openalex.org/W2969695741","https://openalex.org/W2972997402","https://openalex.org/W2996649838","https://openalex.org/W2997146418","https://openalex.org/W3103932910","https://openalex.org/W3118608800","https://openalex.org/W3206880386"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2137394636","https://openalex.org/W2358993821","https://openalex.org/W1516446231","https://openalex.org/W2098152888","https://openalex.org/W1559740347","https://openalex.org/W2040356834","https://openalex.org/W2385289568","https://openalex.org/W2381486749","https://openalex.org/W1514507288","https://openalex.org/W2183032046"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Training":[0],"machine":[1],"learning":[2],"(ML)":[3],"models":[4,21,42],"is":[5,84,98,170,193],"expensive":[6],"in":[7,43,177],"terms":[8],"of":[9,13,45,73,115,148,161,222],"computational":[10],"power,":[11],"amounts":[12],"labeled":[14],"data":[15],"and":[16],"human":[17],"expertise.":[18],"Thus,":[19],"ML":[20],"constitute":[22],"business":[23],"value":[24],"for":[25,157],"their":[26,41],"owners.":[27],"Embedding":[28],"digital":[29],"watermarks":[30],"during":[31],"model":[32,36,50,57,65,82,94,126,198,208],"training":[33,140],"allows":[34],"a":[35,63,70,85,158,171,179,186],"owner":[37],"to":[38,121,124,138,184,210],"later":[39],"identify":[40],"case":[44,178],"theft":[46],"or":[47],"misuse.":[48],"However,":[49],"functionality":[51],"can":[52],"also":[53],"be":[54,175],"stolen":[55],"via":[56],"extraction,":[58],"where":[59],"an":[60],"adversary":[61,100],"trains":[62,102],"surrogate":[64,104,187,205],"using":[66],"results":[67],"returned":[68],"from":[69,165],"prediction":[71,146,223],"API":[72,147,166],"the":[74,99,103,118,139,145,149,155],"original":[75],"model.":[76,105,188],"Recent":[77],"work":[78],"has":[79],"shown":[80],"that":[81,173,191],"extraction":[83,95,127,199],"realistic":[86],"threat.":[87],"Existing":[88],"watermarking":[89,123,131,202],"schemes":[90],"are":[91],"ineffective":[92],"against":[93,195],"since":[96],"it":[97],"who":[101],"In":[106],"this":[107],"paper,":[108],"we":[109],"introduce":[110],"DAWN":[111,133,192],"(Dynamic":[112],"Adversarial":[113],"Watermarking":[114],"Neural":[116],"Networks),":[117],"first":[119],"approach":[120],"use":[122],"deter":[125],"theft.":[128],"Unlike":[129],"prior":[130],"schemes,":[132],"does":[134],"not":[135],"impose":[136],"changes":[137],"process":[141],"but":[142],"operates":[143],"at":[144],"protected":[150],"model,":[151],"by":[152],"dynamically":[153],"changing":[154],"responses":[156],"small":[159],"subset":[160],"queries":[162,183],"(e.g.,":[163],"0.5%)":[164],"clients.":[167],"This":[168],"set":[169],"watermark":[172],"will":[174],"embedded":[176],"client":[180],"uses":[181],"its":[182],"train":[185],"We":[189],"show":[190],"resilient":[194],"two":[196],"state-of-the-art":[197],"attacks,":[200],"effectively":[201],"all":[203],"extracted":[204],"models,":[206],"allowing":[207],"owners":[209],"reliably":[211],"demonstrate":[212],"ownership":[213],"(with":[214],"confidence":[215],"greater":[216],"than":[217],"1-2-64),":[218],"incurring":[219],"negligible":[220],"loss":[221],"accuracy":[224],"(0.03-0.5%).":[225]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":28},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":43},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-06-18T10:00:31.954636","created_date":"2021-10-25T00:00:00"}
