{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3207961138","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3472749.3474774","title":"Rapido: Prototyping Interactive AR Experiences through Programming by Demonstration","display_name":"Rapido: Prototyping Interactive AR Experiences through Programming by Demonstration","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-10-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3207961138","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3472749.3474774","mag":"3207961138"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3472749.3474774","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3472749.3474774","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The 34th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081762088","display_name":"Germ\u00e1n Leiva","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4307-9567"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204337017","display_name":"Aarhus University","ror":"https://ror.org/01aj84f44","country_code":"DK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204337017"]}],"countries":["DK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Germ\u00e1n Leiva","raw_affiliation_strings":["Digital Design and Information Studies, Aarhus University, Denmark"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Digital Design and Information Studies, Aarhus University, Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204337017"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031370585","display_name":"Jens Emil Sloth Gr\u00f8nb\u00e6k","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9566-7195"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204337017","display_name":"Aarhus University","ror":"https://ror.org/01aj84f44","country_code":"DK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204337017"]}],"countries":["DK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jens Emil Gr\u00f8nb\u00e6k","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Aarhus University, Denmark"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Aarhus University, Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204337017"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063269254","display_name":"Clemens Nylandsted Klokmose","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1866-0619"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204337017","display_name":"Aarhus University","ror":"https://ror.org/01aj84f44","country_code":"DK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204337017"]}],"countries":["DK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Clemens Nylandsted Klokmose","raw_affiliation_strings":["Digital Design and Information Studies, Aarhus University, Denmark"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Digital Design and Information Studies, Aarhus University, Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204337017"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027672529","display_name":"Cuong Nguyen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9234-9960"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1306409833","display_name":"Adobe Systems (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/059tvcg64","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1306409833"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cuong Nguyen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Adobe Research, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Adobe Research, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1306409833"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080348698","display_name":"Rubaiat Habib Kazi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-9781-0032"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1306409833","display_name":"Adobe Systems (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/059tvcg64","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1306409833"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rubaiat Habib Kazi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Adobe Research, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Adobe Research, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1306409833"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072432252","display_name":"Paul Asente","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7009-9734"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1306409833","display_name":"Adobe Systems (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/059tvcg64","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1306409833"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paul Asente","raw_affiliation_strings":["Adobe Research, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Adobe Research, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1306409833"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5081762088"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204337017"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.6573,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":55,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96777727,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"626","last_page":"637"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10789","display_name":"Interactive and Immersive Displays","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10789","display_name":"Interactive and Immersive Displays","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10888","display_name":"Augmented Reality Applications","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10533","display_name":"Teaching and Learning Programming","score":0.9944999814033508,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7846171855926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sketch","display_name":"Sketch","score":0.6972079873085022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/executable","display_name":"Executable","score":0.636536717414856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/animation","display_name":"Animation","score":0.616465151309967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rapid-prototyping","display_name":"Rapid prototyping","score":0.5811343193054199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interactivity","display_name":"Interactivity","score":0.5610874891281128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.5140694379806519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.4421055316925049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.43806084990501404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-device","display_name":"Mobile device","score":0.42549216747283936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-graphics","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","score":0.34422212839126587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multimedia","display_name":"Multimedia","score":0.22414085268974304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.22098717093467712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.18984153866767883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.08753621578216553}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7846171855926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779231336","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7534724","display_name":"Sketch","level":2,"score":0.6972079873085022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160145156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q778586","display_name":"Executable","level":2,"score":0.636536717414856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C502989409","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11425","display_name":"Animation","level":2,"score":0.616465151309967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780395129","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1128971","display_name":"Rapid prototyping","level":2,"score":0.5811343193054199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144430266","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q839721","display_name":"Interactivity","level":2,"score":0.5610874891281128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5140694379806519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.4421055316925049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.43806084990501404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186967261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5082128","display_name":"Mobile device","level":2,"score":0.42549216747283936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121684516","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7600677","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","level":1,"score":0.34422212839126587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49774154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131765","display_name":"Multimedia","level":1,"score":0.22414085268974304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.22098717093467712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.18984153866767883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.08753621578216553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3472749.3474774","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3472749.3474774","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The 34th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:publications/00019375-3458-4cd7-a2c7-a6bf6c1fa746","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pure.au.dk/portal/en/publications/00019375-3458-4cd7-a2c7-a6bf6c1fa746","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Leiva, G, Gr\u00f8nb\u00e6k, J E, Klokmose, C N, Nguyen, C, Kazi, R H & Asente, P 2021, Rapido : Prototyping Interactive AR Experiences through Programming by Demonstration. in UIST 2021 - Proceedings of the 34th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology. Association for Computing Machinery, pp. 626-637, 34th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology, UIST 2021, Virtual, Online, United States, 10/10/2021. https://doi.org/10.1145/3472749.3474774","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W17855702","https://openalex.org/W1492324553","https://openalex.org/W1502767928","https://openalex.org/W2005524328","https://openalex.org/W2011527219","https://openalex.org/W2012878285","https://openalex.org/W2031482152","https://openalex.org/W2063819872","https://openalex.org/W2083977441","https://openalex.org/W2085187887","https://openalex.org/W2087609837","https://openalex.org/W2090496703","https://openalex.org/W2095550761","https://openalex.org/W2099305423","https://openalex.org/W2130500927","https://openalex.org/W2141385588","https://openalex.org/W2145280169","https://openalex.org/W2157392897","https://openalex.org/W2162514427","https://openalex.org/W2163979379","https://openalex.org/W2472748283","https://openalex.org/W2594203536","https://openalex.org/W2617242268","https://openalex.org/W2730299682","https://openalex.org/W2796294902","https://openalex.org/W2897670774","https://openalex.org/W2912296668","https://openalex.org/W2941201726","https://openalex.org/W2942226338","https://openalex.org/W2943535317","https://openalex.org/W2946883218","https://openalex.org/W2949701504","https://openalex.org/W2952811390","https://openalex.org/W3029006481","https://openalex.org/W3030161855","https://openalex.org/W3031086278","https://openalex.org/W3102095216","https://openalex.org/W3132167146","https://openalex.org/W4206008800","https://openalex.org/W4249425267","https://openalex.org/W4288079498"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2378994405","https://openalex.org/W2385974820","https://openalex.org/W2373478030","https://openalex.org/W2001821990","https://openalex.org/W2378679551","https://openalex.org/W3149739944","https://openalex.org/W2319020389","https://openalex.org/W244085534","https://openalex.org/W4403249856","https://openalex.org/W2349545279"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Programming":[0],"by":[1,14,161],"Demonstration":[2],"(PbD)":[3],"is":[4,123],"a":[5,33,55,61,84,99,113,124,131],"well-known":[6],"technique":[7],"that":[8,126],"allows":[9],"non-programmers":[10],"to":[11,38,59,64,129,147],"describe":[12],"interactivity":[13],"performing":[15],"examples":[16,110],"of":[17,90,106,116,158,166],"the":[18,87,91,94,108,117,150,156,163],"expected":[19],"behavior,":[20],"but":[21],"it":[22],"has":[23],"not":[24],"been":[25],"extensively":[26],"explored":[27],"for":[28],"AR.":[29],"We":[30,154],"present":[31],"Rapido,":[32,52],"novel":[34],"early-stage":[35],"prototyping":[36,162],"tool":[37],"create":[39],"fully":[40],"interactive":[41,152],"mobile":[42,56,170],"AR":[43,57,169],"prototypes":[44,48],"from":[45],"non-interactive":[46],"video":[47,62,132],"using":[49],"PbD.":[50,140],"In":[51],"designers":[53,128],"use":[54],"device":[58,92],"record":[60],"prototype":[63,133],"capture":[65],"context,":[66],"sketch":[67,85],"assets,":[68],"and":[69,79,111],"demonstrate":[70,74],"interactions.":[71],"They":[72],"can":[73],"touch":[75],"inputs,":[76],"animation":[77],"paths,":[78],"rules":[80],"to,":[81],"e.g.,":[82],"have":[83],"follow":[86],"focus":[88],"area":[89],"or":[93],"user\u2019s":[95],"world-space":[96],"touches.":[97],"Simultaneously,":[98],"live":[100],"website":[101],"visualizes":[102],"an":[103,135],"editable":[104],"overview":[105],"all":[107],"demonstrated":[109],"infers":[112],"state":[114,137],"machine":[115,138],"user":[118],"flow.":[119],"Our":[120],"key":[121],"contribution":[122],"method":[125],"enables":[127],"turn":[130],"into":[134],"executable":[136],"through":[139],"The":[141],"designer":[142],"switches":[143],"between":[144],"these":[145],"representations":[146],"interactively":[148],"refine":[149],"final":[151],"prototype.":[153],"illustrate":[155],"power":[157],"Rapido\u2019s":[159],"approach":[160],"main":[164],"interactions":[165],"three":[167],"popular":[168],"applications.":[171]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":12}],"updated_date":"2026-06-05T09:01:59.212387","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}