{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3195540850","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3472674.3473978","title":"Comparing within- and cross-project machine learning algorithms for code smell detection","display_name":"Comparing within- and cross-project machine learning algorithms for code smell detection","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-08-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3195540850","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3472674.3473978","mag":"3195540850"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3472674.3473978","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3472674.3473978","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Machine Learning Techniques for Software Quality Evolution","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027390333","display_name":"Manuel De Stefano","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6038-4171"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I131729948","display_name":"University of Salerno","ror":"https://ror.org/0192m2k53","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131729948"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Manuel De Stefano","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Salerno, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Salerno, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131729948"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021041082","display_name":"Fabiano Pecorelli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2446-4291"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I131729948","display_name":"University of Salerno","ror":"https://ror.org/0192m2k53","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131729948"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fabiano Pecorelli","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Salerno, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Salerno, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131729948"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033738898","display_name":"Fabio Palomba","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9337-5116"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I131729948","display_name":"University of Salerno","ror":"https://ror.org/0192m2k53","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131729948"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fabio Palomba","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Salerno, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Salerno, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131729948"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079088548","display_name":"Andrea De Lucia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4238-1425"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I131729948","display_name":"University of Salerno","ror":"https://ror.org/0192m2k53","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131729948"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrea De Lucia","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Salerno, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Salerno, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131729948"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5027390333"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131729948"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.9575,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":26,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95415589,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12423","display_name":"Software Reliability and Analysis Research","score":0.9957000017166138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.978600025177002,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code-smell","display_name":"Code smell","score":0.9368126392364502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maintainability","display_name":"Maintainability","score":0.8583110570907593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7506715059280396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.6947506070137024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6001904010772705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.5712333917617798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.48351743817329407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/source-code","display_name":"Source code","score":0.47650232911109924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.4110339879989624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.38718244433403015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.2914743721485138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-quality","display_name":"Software quality","score":0.19967490434646606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.18416953086853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-development","display_name":"Software development","score":0.17721757292747498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.07703912258148193}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133237599","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2295111","display_name":"Code smell","level":5,"score":0.9368126392364502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160713754","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1389965","display_name":"Maintainability","level":2,"score":0.8583110570907593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7506715059280396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.6947506070137024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6001904010772705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.5712333917617798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.48351743817329407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43126263","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128751","display_name":"Source code","level":2,"score":0.47650232911109924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.4110339879989624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.38718244433403015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.2914743721485138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117447612","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1412670","display_name":"Software quality","level":4,"score":0.19967490434646606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.18416953086853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C529173508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q638608","display_name":"Software development","level":3,"score":0.17721757292747498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.07703912258148193}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3472674.3473978","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3472674.3473978","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Machine Learning Techniques for Software Quality Evolution","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.5099999904632568,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W46659105","https://openalex.org/W1660390307","https://openalex.org/W1963598945","https://openalex.org/W1978813754","https://openalex.org/W1991172342","https://openalex.org/W2020458104","https://openalex.org/W2045749853","https://openalex.org/W2057433090","https://openalex.org/W2071983648","https://openalex.org/W2073792498","https://openalex.org/W2097998348","https://openalex.org/W2108086273","https://openalex.org/W2112081648","https://openalex.org/W2130509252","https://openalex.org/W2137659640","https://openalex.org/W2140504739","https://openalex.org/W2144716614","https://openalex.org/W2145700761","https://openalex.org/W2151295763","https://openalex.org/W2153887189","https://openalex.org/W2158864412","https://openalex.org/W2216905672","https://openalex.org/W2238078713","https://openalex.org/W2402199355","https://openalex.org/W2403793401","https://openalex.org/W2494072234","https://openalex.org/W2560646185","https://openalex.org/W2576115447","https://openalex.org/W2608628736","https://openalex.org/W2742512005","https://openalex.org/W2796404405","https://openalex.org/W2900538539","https://openalex.org/W2908058835","https://openalex.org/W2954327103","https://openalex.org/W2963520355","https://openalex.org/W2998678832","https://openalex.org/W3035156651","https://openalex.org/W6674385629"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2001730430","https://openalex.org/W3046890777","https://openalex.org/W1974189775","https://openalex.org/W4244517042","https://openalex.org/W2306701168","https://openalex.org/W2283404405","https://openalex.org/W2088986462","https://openalex.org/W209543640","https://openalex.org/W3165221216","https://openalex.org/W4310113603"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Code":[0],"smells":[1],"represent":[2],"a":[3,12,52,79,98,108,153],"well-known":[4],"problem":[5],"in":[6,25,127,156],"software":[7],"engineering,":[8],"since":[9],"they":[10],"are":[11,60],"notorious":[13],"cause":[14],"of":[15,17,73,83,124,160],"loss":[16],"comprehensibility":[18],"and":[19,57,103],"maintainability.":[20],"The":[21,111],"most":[22],"recent":[23],"efforts":[24],"devising":[26],"automatic":[27],"machine":[28,100],"learning-based":[29],"code":[30,164],"smell":[31,165],"detection":[32],"techniques":[33,162],"have":[34,133],"achieved":[35],"unsatisfying":[36],"results":[37,132],"so":[38],"far.":[39],"This":[40],"could":[41],"be":[42],"explained":[43],"by":[44],"the":[45,63,70,74,87,121,128,158,169],"fact":[46],"that":[47,135],"all":[48],"these":[49],"approaches":[50],"follow":[51],"within-project":[53,109],"classification,":[54],"i.e.":[55],"training":[56,129],"test":[58],"data":[59],"taken":[61],"from":[62],"same":[64],"source":[65],"project,":[66],"which":[67],"combined":[68],"with":[69,78,107,142],"imbalanced":[71],"nature":[72],"problem,":[75],"produces":[76],"datasets":[77],"very":[80,139],"low":[81],"number":[82,123],"instances":[84,126],"belonging":[85],"to":[86,115,119,144],"minority":[88],"class":[89],"(i.e.":[90],"smelly":[91,125],"instances).":[92],"In":[93],"this":[94,147],"paper,":[95],"we":[96],"propose":[97],"cross-project":[99,136],"learning":[101,118],"approach":[102],"compare":[104],"its":[105],"performance":[106,141,159],"alternative.":[110],"core":[112],"idea":[113],"is":[114],"use":[116],"transfer":[117],"increase":[120],"overall":[122],"datasets.":[130],"Our":[131],"shown":[134],"classification":[137],"provides":[138],"similar":[140],"respect":[143],"within-project.":[145],"Despite":[146],"finding":[148],"does":[149],"not":[150],"yet":[151],"provide":[152],"step":[154],"forward":[155],"increasing":[157],"ML":[161],"for":[163,171],"detection,":[166],"it":[167],"sets":[168],"basis":[170],"further":[172],"investigations.":[173]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
