{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3193888173","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3472672.3473956","title":"Towards a workflow for model-based testing of embedded systems","display_name":"Towards a workflow for model-based testing of embedded systems","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-08-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3193888173","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3472672.3473956","mag":"3193888173"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3472672.3473956","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3472672.3473956","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3472672.3473956","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 12th International Workshop on Automating TEST Case Design, Selection, and Evaluation","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3472672.3473956","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102958771","display_name":"Muhammad Nouman Zafar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8746-7209"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82509713","display_name":"M\u00e4lardalen University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vfbz75","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82509713"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Nouman Zafar","raw_affiliation_strings":["M\u00e4lardalen University, Sweden"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"M\u00e4lardalen University, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82509713"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015132481","display_name":"Wasif Afzal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0611-2655"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82509713","display_name":"M\u00e4lardalen University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vfbz75","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82509713"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wasif Afzal","raw_affiliation_strings":["M\u00e4lardalen University, Sweden"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"M\u00e4lardalen University, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82509713"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016735339","display_name":"Eduard Paul Enoiu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2416-4205"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82509713","display_name":"M\u00e4lardalen University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vfbz75","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82509713"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eduard Enoiu","raw_affiliation_strings":["M\u00e4lardalen University, Sweden"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"M\u00e4lardalen University, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82509713"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5102958771"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82509713"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.5822,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83272251,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"33","last_page":"40"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11450","display_name":"Model-Driven Software Engineering Techniques","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11450","display_name":"Model-Driven Software Engineering Techniques","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12810","display_name":"Real-time simulation and control systems","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10639","display_name":"Advanced Software Engineering Methodologies","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7244325876235962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/workflow","display_name":"Workflow","score":0.7213481068611145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/executable","display_name":"Executable","score":0.671995222568512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-subscriber-line","display_name":"Digital subscriber line","score":0.5938372611999512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.5879521369934082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/workflow-engine","display_name":"Workflow engine","score":0.5759397745132446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/model-based-testing","display_name":"Model-based testing","score":0.5660260319709778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/workflow-technology","display_name":"Workflow technology","score":0.545071005821228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/system-under-test","display_name":"System under test","score":0.5080356597900391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test-case","display_name":"Test case","score":0.48201218247413635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/workflow-management-system","display_name":"Workflow management system","score":0.47561413049697876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test-management-approach","display_name":"Test Management Approach","score":0.4207088351249695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scripting-language","display_name":"Scripting language","score":0.41939738392829895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/windows-workflow-foundation","display_name":"Windows Workflow Foundation","score":0.4140075743198395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test-script","display_name":"Test script","score":0.41101646423339844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.39649826288223267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-system","display_name":"Software system","score":0.32737046480178833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.3118121027946472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.2498166859149933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-construction","display_name":"Software construction","score":0.13756322860717773}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7244325876235962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177212765","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q627335","display_name":"Workflow","level":2,"score":0.7213481068611145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160145156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q778586","display_name":"Executable","level":2,"score":0.671995222568512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201374245","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104534","display_name":"Digital subscriber line","level":2,"score":0.5938372611999512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.5879521369934082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188220564","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3325097","display_name":"Workflow engine","level":3,"score":0.5759397745132446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165825675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1399743","display_name":"Model-based testing","level":4,"score":0.5660260319709778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19612761","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8034836","display_name":"Workflow technology","level":3,"score":0.545071005821228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108913964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2376856","display_name":"System under test","level":4,"score":0.5080356597900391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128942645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1568346","display_name":"Test case","level":3,"score":0.48201218247413635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140824633","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2808660","display_name":"Workflow management system","level":3,"score":0.47561413049697876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7435765","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7705776","display_name":"Test Management Approach","level":5,"score":0.4207088351249695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61423126","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187432","display_name":"Scripting language","level":2,"score":0.41939738392829895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163888707","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1154450","display_name":"Windows Workflow Foundation","level":4,"score":0.4140075743198395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109086967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2509100","display_name":"Test script","level":4,"score":0.41101646423339844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.39649826288223267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149091818","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2429814","display_name":"Software system","level":3,"score":0.32737046480178833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.3118121027946472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.2498166859149933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186846655","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3398377","display_name":"Software construction","level":4,"score":0.13756322860717773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152877465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208042","display_name":"Regression analysis","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3472672.3473956","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3472672.3473956","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3472672.3473956","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 12th International Workshop on Automating TEST Case Design, Selection, and Evaluation","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3472672.3473956","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3472672.3473956","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3472672.3473956","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 12th International Workshop on Automating TEST Case Design, Selection, and Evaluation","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4956428346","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Horizon 2020 research and innovatio","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5036817778","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innov","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6618363488","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"101007350","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327207","funder_display_name":"Electronic Components and Systems for European Leadership"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6628542138","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"957212","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7775410883","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"101007350","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8317514390","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"871319","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8318064016","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Horizon","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8633428685","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovat","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327207","display_name":"Electronic Components and Systems for European Leadership","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3193888173.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3193888173.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W63815695","https://openalex.org/W642707734","https://openalex.org/W1163324558","https://openalex.org/W1575380848","https://openalex.org/W1608087281","https://openalex.org/W1717854112","https://openalex.org/W1987893810","https://openalex.org/W1995953313","https://openalex.org/W2119296494","https://openalex.org/W2778643303","https://openalex.org/W2887960054","https://openalex.org/W2888451307","https://openalex.org/W2898720144","https://openalex.org/W3036222028","https://openalex.org/W3159888105","https://openalex.org/W3165460281","https://openalex.org/W3173948368"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3017054977","https://openalex.org/W1505084386","https://openalex.org/W3006257721","https://openalex.org/W2204156854","https://openalex.org/W632606703","https://openalex.org/W2098329690","https://openalex.org/W2243231242","https://openalex.org/W2116248904","https://openalex.org/W92192699","https://openalex.org/W1978406750"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Model-based":[0],"testing":[1,55],"(MBT)":[2],"has":[3],"been":[4],"previously":[5],"used":[6],"to":[7,18,65,92,96,108],"validate":[8],"embedded":[9,24,58],"systems.":[10],"However,":[11],"(i)":[12],"creation":[13],"of":[14,22,28,35,56,78,113,122,156,159,198],"a":[15,39,48,73,79,133,154,157,196],"model":[16,100,155,180],"conforming":[17],"the":[19,54,89,110,114,123,145,150,160,178,185],"behavioural":[20],"aspects":[21],"an":[23,57,126],"system,":[25,59],"(ii)":[26],"generation":[27],"executable":[29,127],"test":[30,36,66,118,128,174,191,202],"scripts":[31],"and":[32,95,103,152,190,200],"(iii)":[33],"assessment":[34],"verdict,":[37],"re-quires":[38],"systematic":[40],"process.":[41],"In":[42],"this":[43,140],"paper,":[44],"we":[45],"have":[46,138],"presented":[47],"three-phase":[49],"tool-supported":[50,141],"MBT":[51],"workflow":[52,70,124,142],"for":[53],"that":[60,130],"spans":[61],"from":[62,149,177],"requirements":[63,90,94],"specification":[64],"verdict":[67],"assessment.":[68],"The":[69,172],"starts":[71],"with":[72],"simplistic,":[74],"yet":[75],"practical,":[76],"application":[77],"Domain-Specific":[80],"Language":[81],"(DSL)":[82],"based":[83],"on":[84,132],"Gherkin-like":[85],"style,":[86],"which":[87],"allows":[88],"engineer":[91],"specify":[93],"extract":[97],"information":[98,148],"about":[99],"elements(i.e.":[101],"states":[102],"transitions).":[104],"This":[105],"is":[106,181],"done":[107],"assist":[109],"graphical":[111],"modelling":[112],"complete":[115],"system":[116,164],"under":[117],"(SUT).":[119],"Later":[120],"stages":[121],"generates":[125],"script":[129,175],"runs":[131],"domain-specific":[134],"simulation":[135],"platform.":[136],"We":[137],"evaluated":[139],"by":[143],"specifying":[144],"requirements,":[146],"extracting":[147],"DSL":[151],"developing":[153],"subsystem":[158],"train":[161],"control":[162],"management":[163],"developed":[165],"at":[166,184],"Alstom":[167],"Transport":[168],"AB":[169],"in":[170],"Sweden.":[171],"C#":[173],"generated":[176],"SUT":[179],"successfully":[182],"executed":[183],"Software-in-the-Loop":[186],"(SIL)":[187],"execution":[188],"platform":[189],"verdicts":[192],"are":[193],"visualized":[194],"as":[195],"sequence":[197],"passed":[199],"failed":[201],"steps.":[203]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-13T07:58:08.660418","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}