{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3213420533","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3472307.3484182","title":"What are Social Norms for Low-speed Autonomous Vehicle Navigation in Crowded Environments? An Online Survey","display_name":"What are Social Norms for Low-speed Autonomous Vehicle Navigation in Crowded Environments? An Online Survey","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-11-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3213420533","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3472307.3484182","mag":"3213420533"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3472307.3484182","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3472307.3484182","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Human-Agent Interaction","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2503.16462","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015562259","display_name":"Mahsa Golchoubian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1157-8687"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151746483","display_name":"University of Waterloo","ror":"https://ror.org/01aff2v68","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mahsa Golchoubian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Systems Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Systems Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019000422","display_name":"Moojan Ghafurian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5432-4236"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151746483","display_name":"University of Waterloo","ror":"https://ror.org/01aff2v68","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Moojan Ghafurian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033006881","display_name":"Nasser L. Azad","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151746483","display_name":"University of Waterloo","ror":"https://ror.org/01aff2v68","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nasser Lashgarian Azad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Systems Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Systems Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059371010","display_name":"Kerstin Dautenhahn","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9263-3897"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151746483","display_name":"University of Waterloo","ror":"https://ror.org/01aff2v68","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kerstin Dautenhahn","raw_affiliation_strings":["Social and Intelligent Robotics Research Laboratory, University of Waterloo, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Social and Intelligent Robotics Research Laboratory, University of Waterloo, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5015562259"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.658,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.73485148,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"148","last_page":"156"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10709","display_name":"Social Robot Interaction and HRI","score":0.9954000115394592,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.7987121343612671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cart","display_name":"Cart","score":0.7409400343894958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6188850402832031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variety","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","score":0.5385255813598633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pedestrian","display_name":"Pedestrian","score":0.4921383261680603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transport-engineering","display_name":"Transport engineering","score":0.4440472424030304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.37098973989486694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.35877877473831177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.19849655032157898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.14850693941116333}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.7987121343612671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777275308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q234668","display_name":"Cart","level":2,"score":0.7409400343894958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6188850402832031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136197465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","level":2,"score":0.5385255813598633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777113093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221488","display_name":"Pedestrian","level":2,"score":0.4921383261680603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22212356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775325","display_name":"Transport engineering","level":1,"score":0.4440472424030304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.37098973989486694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.35877877473831177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.19849655032157898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.14850693941116333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3472307.3484182","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3472307.3484182","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Human-Agent Interaction","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2503.16462","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2503.16462","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2503.16462","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4393918464","display_name":"ArXiv.org","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2503.16462","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2503.16462","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2503.16462","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4393918464","display_name":"ArXiv.org","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.4099999964237213,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1992225177","https://openalex.org/W2018041557","https://openalex.org/W2039475852","https://openalex.org/W2059993653","https://openalex.org/W2092819702","https://openalex.org/W2144695009","https://openalex.org/W2151498646","https://openalex.org/W2157936707","https://openalex.org/W2604216058","https://openalex.org/W2763201450","https://openalex.org/W2783963507","https://openalex.org/W2886412451","https://openalex.org/W2910123761","https://openalex.org/W2910529074","https://openalex.org/W2910801016","https://openalex.org/W2953457943","https://openalex.org/W3013330822","https://openalex.org/W3090773036","https://openalex.org/W3094077559","https://openalex.org/W3105411179","https://openalex.org/W3118456481","https://openalex.org/W4300946796"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3193909393","https://openalex.org/W4226229889","https://openalex.org/W2322350723","https://openalex.org/W2618011907","https://openalex.org/W566791342","https://openalex.org/W3136214354","https://openalex.org/W3172487415","https://openalex.org/W608736979","https://openalex.org/W631954924","https://openalex.org/W2148933895"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"It":[0],"has":[1,40],"been":[2,41],"suggested":[3,124],"that":[4,125],"autonomous":[5,24,34,98],"vehicles":[6,25,35,60],"can":[7],"improve":[8],"efficiency":[9],"and":[10,45,73],"safety":[11,111],"of":[12,32,58,115,121,130,147],"the":[13,30,56,74,77,116,127,131,133],"transportation":[14],"systems.":[15],"While":[16],"research":[17],"in":[18,36,102,118],"this":[19,80],"area":[20],"often":[21],"focuses":[22],"on":[23,28],"which":[26],"operate":[27],"roads,":[29],"deployment":[31],"low-speed,":[33],"unstructured,":[37],"crowded":[38],"environments":[39],"studied":[42],"less":[43],"well":[44],"requires":[46],"specific":[47],"considerations":[48],"regarding":[49],"their":[50,62],"interaction":[51,104],"with":[52,87,94,144],"pedestrians.":[53,148],"For":[54],"making":[55],"operation":[57],"these":[59],"acceptable,":[61],"behaviour":[63,101,114],"needs":[64],"to":[65,90,96,137],"be":[66],"perceived":[67,110],"as":[68],"safe":[69],"by":[70],"both":[71],"pedestrians":[72],"passengers":[75],"riding":[76],"vehicle.":[78],"In":[79],"paper":[81],"we":[82],"conducted":[83],"an":[84,97],"online":[85],"survey":[86],"116":[88],"participants,":[89],"understand":[91],"people\u2019s":[92,108],"preferences":[93],"respect":[95],"golf":[99],"cart\u2019s":[100],"different":[103,113],"scenarios.":[105,122],"We":[106],"measured":[107],"self-reported":[109],"towards":[112],"cart":[117,134],"a":[119,145],"variety":[120],"Results":[123],"despite":[126],"unstructured":[128],"nature":[129],"environment,":[132],"was":[135],"expected":[136],"follow":[138],"common":[139],"traffic":[140],"rules":[141],"when":[142],"interacting":[143],"group":[146]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}