{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3207022463","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3471621.3471866","title":"HandLock: Enabling 2-FA for Smart Home Voice Assistants using Inaudible Acoustic Signal","display_name":"HandLock: Enabling 2-FA for Smart Home Voice Assistants using Inaudible Acoustic Signal","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-10-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3207022463","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3471621.3471866","mag":"3207022463"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3471621.3471866","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3471621.3471866","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"24th International Symposium on Research in Attacks, Intrusions and Defenses","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012682606","display_name":"Shaohu Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8985-515X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Shaohu Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["North Carolina State University, US"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"North Carolina State University, US","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101816745","display_name":"Anupam Das","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8961-9963"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anupam Das","raw_affiliation_strings":["North Carolina State University, US"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"North Carolina State University, US","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5012682606"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.6964,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84994648,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"251","last_page":"265"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10860","display_name":"Speech and Audio Processing","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10860","display_name":"Speech and Audio Processing","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10201","display_name":"Speech Recognition and Synthesis","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11309","display_name":"Music and Audio Processing","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6147018671035767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/home-automation","display_name":"Home automation","score":0.507504403591156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","score":0.4881368577480316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.4142690598964691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal-processing","display_name":"Signal processing","score":0.41339969635009766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.3232557475566864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.30796682834625244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.06489461660385132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.060725629329681396}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6147018671035767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C507571656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q848436","display_name":"Home automation","level":2,"score":0.507504403591156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.4881368577480316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.4142690598964691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104267543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208163","display_name":"Signal processing","level":3,"score":0.41339969635009766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.3232557475566864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.30796682834625244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.06489461660385132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.060725629329681396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3471621.3471866","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3471621.3471866","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"24th International Symposium on Research in Attacks, Intrusions and Defenses","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":51,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W282499614","https://openalex.org/W1434018057","https://openalex.org/W2058266664","https://openalex.org/W2104933073","https://openalex.org/W2114376863","https://openalex.org/W2148143831","https://openalex.org/W2153200718","https://openalex.org/W2153635508","https://openalex.org/W2154202341","https://openalex.org/W2156504490","https://openalex.org/W2394945029","https://openalex.org/W2486441166","https://openalex.org/W2508345357","https://openalex.org/W2525860450","https://openalex.org/W2536166232","https://openalex.org/W2575585029","https://openalex.org/W2624801495","https://openalex.org/W2625581252","https://openalex.org/W2625969058","https://openalex.org/W2735454016","https://openalex.org/W2745896134","https://openalex.org/W2751902866","https://openalex.org/W2756927600","https://openalex.org/W2761378666","https://openalex.org/W2765636281","https://openalex.org/W2791862028","https://openalex.org/W2809536883","https://openalex.org/W2886326201","https://openalex.org/W2889692286","https://openalex.org/W2890300891","https://openalex.org/W2897106987","https://openalex.org/W2912868098","https://openalex.org/W2914439234","https://openalex.org/W2914630606","https://openalex.org/W2920790154","https://openalex.org/W2947243436","https://openalex.org/W2962717526","https://openalex.org/W2963058500","https://openalex.org/W2963077926","https://openalex.org/W2971399876","https://openalex.org/W2972583435","https://openalex.org/W2972759272","https://openalex.org/W2973158730","https://openalex.org/W2979660840","https://openalex.org/W2994661026","https://openalex.org/W3048796438","https://openalex.org/W3091896612","https://openalex.org/W3101981714","https://openalex.org/W3105332166","https://openalex.org/W4289038676","https://openalex.org/W4300824008"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2676384245","https://openalex.org/W4214967636","https://openalex.org/W2146476228","https://openalex.org/W2887353448","https://openalex.org/W4385848764","https://openalex.org/W2122495993","https://openalex.org/W2137949811","https://openalex.org/W2344245556","https://openalex.org/W2912299711","https://openalex.org/W4205726527"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"use":[1],"of":[2,21,27,94,124,173,182],"voice-control":[3],"technology":[4],"has":[5],"become":[6],"mainstream":[7],"and":[8,19,53,111,115,195,218],"is":[9,219],"growing":[10],"worldwide.":[11],"While":[12],"voice":[13,29,32,40,55,103,151,223],"assistants":[14,33,41,104],"provide":[15,61],"convenience":[16],"through":[17,150],"automation":[18],"control":[20],"home":[22,102],"appliances,":[23],"the":[24,28,83,92,122,171],"open":[25],"nature":[26],"channel":[30],"makes":[31],"difficult":[34],"to":[35,45,48,86,113,120,187,193],"secure.":[36],"As":[37],"a":[38,62,87,96,125,137,179],"result":[39],"have":[42],"been":[43],"shown":[44],"be":[46],"vulnerable":[47],"replay":[49],"attacks,":[50,194,208],"impersonation":[51,207],"attacks":[52],"inaudible":[54,117],"commands.":[56],"Existing":[57],"defenses":[58],"do":[59,211],"not":[60,203],"practical":[63],"solution":[64],"as":[65,136],"they":[66],"either":[67],"rely":[68],"on":[69,165],"external":[70],"hardware":[71],"(e.g.,":[72,81],"motion":[73],"sensors)":[74],"or":[75],"work":[76],"under":[77,184],"very":[78,215],"constrained":[79],"settings":[80,186],"holding":[82],"device":[84],"close":[85],"user\u2019s":[88],"mouth).":[89],"We":[90,177],"introduce":[91],"concept":[93],"using":[95],"gesture-based":[97],"authentication":[98,139],"system":[99],"for":[100,141],"smart":[101],"called":[105],"HandLock,":[106],"which":[107],"uses":[108],"built-in":[109],"microphones":[110],"speakers":[112],"generate":[114],"sense":[116],"acoustic":[118],"signals":[119],"detect":[121],"presence":[123],"known":[126],"(i.e.,":[127],"authorized)":[128],"hand":[129],"gesture.":[130],"Our":[131,197],"proposed":[132],"approach":[133],"can":[134,163,202,210],"act":[135],"second-factor":[138],"(2-FA)":[140],"performing":[142],"specific":[143],"sensitive":[144],"operations":[145],"like":[146],"confirming":[147],"online":[148],"purchases":[149],"assistants.":[152,224],"Through":[153],"extensive":[154],"experiments":[155],"involving":[156],"45":[157],"participants,":[158],"we":[159],"show":[160],"that":[161,200],"HandLock":[162,183,201],"achieve":[164],"average":[166],"96.51%":[167],"true-positive-rate":[168],"(TPR)":[169],"at":[170],"expense":[172],"0.82%":[174],"false-acceptance-rate":[175],"(FAR).":[176],"perform":[178],"comprehensive":[180],"analysis":[181,198],"various":[185],"showcase":[188],"its":[189],"accuracy,":[190],"stability,":[191],"resilience":[192],"usability.":[196],"shows":[199],"only":[204],"successfully":[205],"thwart":[206],"but":[209],"so":[212],"while":[213],"incurring":[214],"low":[216],"overheads":[217],"compatible":[220],"with":[221],"modern":[222]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-25T08:17:42.794288","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
