{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3148456799","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3471621.3471844","title":"Marked for Disruption: Tracing the Evolution of Malware Delivery Operations Targeted for Takedown","display_name":"Marked for Disruption: Tracing the Evolution of Malware Delivery Operations Targeted for Takedown","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-10-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3148456799","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3471621.3471844","mag":"3148456799"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3471621.3471844","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3471621.3471844","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"24th International Symposium on Research in Attacks, Intrusions and Defenses","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2104.01631","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038900994","display_name":"Colin C. Ife","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Colin C. Ife","raw_affiliation_strings":["University College London, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University College London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050781579","display_name":"Yun Shen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7863-8475"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1308906816","display_name":"NortonLifeLock (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/0449t3a80","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1308906816"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yun Shen","raw_affiliation_strings":["NortonLifeLock Research Group"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NortonLifeLock Research Group","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1308906816"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011443512","display_name":"Steven J. Murdoch","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8744-1575"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Steven J. Murdoch","raw_affiliation_strings":["University College London, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University College London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046881273","display_name":"Gianluca Stringhini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6162-578X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111088046","display_name":"Boston University","ror":"https://ror.org/05qwgg493","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111088046"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gianluca Stringhini","raw_affiliation_strings":["Boston University, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Boston University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111088046"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.1603,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.49512698,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"340","last_page":"353"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10734","display_name":"Information and Cyber Security","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/malware","display_name":"Malware","score":0.704007089138031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6593824625015259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracing","display_name":"Tracing","score":0.5970940589904785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.4574112594127655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.37361085414886475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.20667502284049988}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C541664917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14001","display_name":"Malware","level":2,"score":0.704007089138031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6593824625015259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138673069","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q322229","display_name":"Tracing","level":2,"score":0.5970940589904785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.4574112594127655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.37361085414886475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.20667502284049988}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3471621.3471844","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3471621.3471844","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"24th International Symposium on Research in Attacks, Intrusions and Defenses","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2104.01631","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2104.01631","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2104.01631","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.ucl.ac.uk.OAI2:10130780","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10130780/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400024","display_name":"UCL Discovery (University College London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","host_organization_name":"University College London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"     In:  RAID '21: 24th International Symposium on Research in Attacks, Intrusions and Defenses.  (pp. pp. 340-353).  ACM: San Sebastian, Spain. (2021)     ","raw_type":"Proceedings paper"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2104.01631","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2104.01631","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2104.01631","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.46000000834465027,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W80155331","https://openalex.org/W173576647","https://openalex.org/W338984728","https://openalex.org/W811711056","https://openalex.org/W1561983441","https://openalex.org/W1605209333","https://openalex.org/W1650881334","https://openalex.org/W1977415353","https://openalex.org/W1993370323","https://openalex.org/W2009229808","https://openalex.org/W2065339563","https://openalex.org/W2075986968","https://openalex.org/W2076472201","https://openalex.org/W2095720311","https://openalex.org/W2099371853","https://openalex.org/W2100307718","https://openalex.org/W2102671922","https://openalex.org/W2134385885","https://openalex.org/W2156716330","https://openalex.org/W2182421051","https://openalex.org/W2211880739","https://openalex.org/W2235043326","https://openalex.org/W2293879562","https://openalex.org/W2342718701","https://openalex.org/W2350778671","https://openalex.org/W2462503784","https://openalex.org/W2464432954","https://openalex.org/W2514847810","https://openalex.org/W2614419969","https://openalex.org/W2774688517","https://openalex.org/W2958937393","https://openalex.org/W2980720901","https://openalex.org/W2981233703","https://openalex.org/W2995569586","https://openalex.org/W4241213693","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W4285788209"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2097492617","https://openalex.org/W2753240997","https://openalex.org/W1764168690","https://openalex.org/W2537959205","https://openalex.org/W2740895074","https://openalex.org/W2772446090","https://openalex.org/W4284893819","https://openalex.org/W2249809453"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,139,166],"malware":[1,52,66,113,140,167],"and":[2,20,51,102,144,184],"botnet":[3],"phenomenon":[4],"is":[5,40,45],"among":[6],"the":[7,35,96,105,118,131,135,196],"most":[8,132],"significant":[9],"threats":[10],"to":[11,25,48,56,134,200],"cybersecurity":[12],"today.":[13],"Consequently,":[14],"law":[15],"enforcement":[16],"agencies,":[17],"security":[18,100,136],"companies,":[19],"researchers":[21,199],"are":[22],"constantly":[23],"seeking":[24],"disrupt":[26],"these":[27,38,126,155],"malicious":[28],"operations":[29,54,68,141,168],"through":[30],"so-called":[31],"takedown":[32,57,73,150,163],"counter-operations.":[33],"Unfortunately,":[34],"success":[36],"of":[37,64,112,120,180],"takedowns":[39],"mixed.":[41],"Furthermore,":[42],"very":[43],"little":[44],"understood":[46],"as":[47,175],"how":[49],"botnets":[50],"delivery":[53,67,90],"respond":[55],"attempts.":[58,151],"We":[59,152],"present":[60],"a":[61],"comprehensive":[62],"study":[63],"three":[65],"that":[69,124,154],"were":[70,92,115],"targeted":[71],"for":[72,98,117,198],"in":[74],"2015\u201316":[75],"using":[76],"global":[77],"download":[78,121],"metadata":[79],"provided":[80],"by":[81,104],"Symantec.":[82],"In":[83],"summary,":[84],"we":[85],"found":[86],"that:":[87],"(1)":[88],"Distributed":[89],"architectures":[91],"commonly":[93],"used,":[94],"indicating":[95],"need":[97,197],"better":[99,202],"hygiene":[101],"coordination":[103],"(ab)used":[106],"service":[107],"providers.":[108],"(2)":[109],"A":[110],"minority":[111],"binaries":[114],"responsible":[116],"majority":[119],"activity,":[122],"suggesting":[123],"detecting":[125],"\u201csuper":[127],"binaries\u201d":[128],"would":[129],"yield":[130],"benefit":[133],"community.":[137],"(3)":[138],"exhibited":[142,170],"displacing":[143],"defiant":[145],"behaviours":[146,157,194],"following":[147],"their":[148],"respective":[149],"argue":[153],"\u201cpredictable\u201d":[156],"could":[158],"be":[159],"factored":[160],"into":[161],"future":[162],"strategies.":[164],"(4)":[165],"also":[169],"previously":[171],"undocumented":[172],"behaviours,":[173],"such":[174],"Dridex":[176],"dropping":[177],"competing":[178],"brands":[179],"malware,":[181],"or":[182],"Dorkbot":[183],"Upatre":[185],"heavily":[186],"relying":[187],"on":[188],"upstream":[189],"dropper":[190],"malware.":[191],"These":[192],"\u201cunpredictable\u201d":[193],"indicate":[195],"use":[201],"threat-monitoring":[203],"techniques.":[204]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2021-10-11T00:00:00"}