{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3199799314","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3470635","title":"External-memory Dictionaries in the Affine and PDAM Models","display_name":"External-memory Dictionaries in the Affine and PDAM Models","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-09-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3199799314","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3470635","mag":"3199799314"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3470635","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3470635","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2483380313","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Parallel Computing","issn_l":"2329-4949","issn":["2329-4949","2329-4957"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Parallel Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068761590","display_name":"Michael A. Bender","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7639-530X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59553526","display_name":"Stony Brook University","ror":"https://ror.org/05qghxh33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59553526"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Michael A. Bender","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59553526"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084732971","display_name":"Alex Conway","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4890-7413"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alex Conway","raw_affiliation_strings":["VMware Research, Palo Alto, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"VMware Research, Palo Alto, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087023890","display_name":"Mart\u0131\u0301n Farach-Colton","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3616-7788"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102322142","display_name":"Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey","ror":"https://ror.org/05vt9qd57","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102322142"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mart\u00edn Farach-Colton","raw_affiliation_strings":["Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102322142"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089059073","display_name":"William Jannen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I22675022","display_name":"Williams College","ror":"https://ror.org/04avkmd49","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I22675022"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"William Jannen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Williams College, Williamstown, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Williams College, Williamstown, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I22675022"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063872744","display_name":"Yizheng Jiao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114027177","display_name":"University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill","ror":"https://ror.org/0130frc33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114027177"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yizheng Jiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114027177"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101626826","display_name":"Rob Johnson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0784-7410"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rob Johnson","raw_affiliation_strings":["VMware Research, Palo Alto, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"VMware Research, Palo Alto, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032868493","display_name":"Eric Knorr","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801851002","display_name":"Harvard University Press","ror":"https://ror.org/006v7bf86","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984","https://openalex.org/I2801851002"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eric Knorr","raw_affiliation_strings":["Harvard University, Boston, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harvard University, Boston, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801851002"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046344920","display_name":"Sara McAllister","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5253-7094"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sara Mcallister","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015980301","display_name":"Nirjhar Mukherjee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3327-8442"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114027177","display_name":"University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill","ror":"https://ror.org/0130frc33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114027177"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nirjhar Mukherjee","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114027177"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014159929","display_name":"Prashant Pandey","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5576-0320"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I148283060","display_name":"Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/02jbv0t02","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I148283060","https://openalex.org/I39565521"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Prashant Pandey","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148283060","https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075511151","display_name":"Donald E. Porter","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9804-0857"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114027177","display_name":"University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill","ror":"https://ror.org/0130frc33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114027177"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Donald E. Porter","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114027177"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100711928","display_name":"Jun Yuan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6240-7151"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126863827","display_name":"Pace University","ror":"https://ror.org/047p7y759","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126863827"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jun Yuan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pace University, New York, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pace University, New York, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126863827"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036143596","display_name":"Yang Zhan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5772-7321"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114027177","display_name":"University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill","ror":"https://ror.org/0130frc33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114027177"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang Zhan","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114027177"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":13,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5068761590"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59553526"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.6113,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.70187466,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"3","first_page":"1","last_page":"20"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11181","display_name":"Advanced Data Storage Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11181","display_name":"Advanced Data Storage Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11478","display_name":"Caching and Content Delivery","score":0.9957000017166138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7050378918647766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/firmware","display_name":"Firmware","score":0.5759504437446594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/affine-transformation","display_name":"Affine transformation","score":0.5452232956886292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bottleneck","display_name":"Bottleneck","score":0.5425487160682678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.39262744784355164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3299131393432617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.23825719952583313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.21676883101463318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.16492560505867004}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7050378918647766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67212190","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104851","display_name":"Firmware","level":2,"score":0.5759504437446594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92757383","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q382497","display_name":"Affine transformation","level":2,"score":0.5452232956886292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780513914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18210350","display_name":"Bottleneck","level":2,"score":0.5425487160682678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.39262744784355164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3299131393432617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.23825719952583313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.21676883101463318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.16492560505867004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3470635","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3470635","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2483380313","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Parallel Computing","issn_l":"2329-4949","issn":["2329-4949","2329-4957"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Parallel Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320316785","display_name":"VMware","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338291","display_name":"Sandia National Laboratories","ror":"https://ror.org/01apwpt12"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W116784803","https://openalex.org/W1967732503","https://openalex.org/W1989622633","https://openalex.org/W2014515453","https://openalex.org/W2015326607","https://openalex.org/W2020022171","https://openalex.org/W2022637272","https://openalex.org/W2027981423","https://openalex.org/W2028637981","https://openalex.org/W2038142281","https://openalex.org/W2046441184","https://openalex.org/W2052196304","https://openalex.org/W2068739275","https://openalex.org/W2075771049","https://openalex.org/W2089064856","https://openalex.org/W2108183412","https://openalex.org/W2116435146","https://openalex.org/W2117098610","https://openalex.org/W2154995125","https://openalex.org/W2161694911","https://openalex.org/W2168023916","https://openalex.org/W2168395296","https://openalex.org/W2352208637","https://openalex.org/W2444572248","https://openalex.org/W2473485914","https://openalex.org/W2540000879","https://openalex.org/W2602601325","https://openalex.org/W2614079713","https://openalex.org/W2738607799","https://openalex.org/W2751343396","https://openalex.org/W2764131694","https://openalex.org/W2804444364","https://openalex.org/W2811066438","https://openalex.org/W2901608006","https://openalex.org/W2952645187","https://openalex.org/W2962944556","https://openalex.org/W2963440401","https://openalex.org/W2964054046","https://openalex.org/W2997525450","https://openalex.org/W4389615622"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2582981600","https://openalex.org/W4389238932","https://openalex.org/W4387467152","https://openalex.org/W4212885212","https://openalex.org/W4379115910","https://openalex.org/W3010413952","https://openalex.org/W4253989935","https://openalex.org/W2810560948","https://openalex.org/W2595172197","https://openalex.org/W2070793896"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Storage":[0],"devices":[1,41,197],"have":[2,53],"complex":[3],"performance":[4,210],"profiles,":[5],"including":[6],"costs":[7,23],"to":[8,24,71,95,128,242,275,279,303,359],"initiate":[9],"IOs":[10],"(e.g.,":[11],"seek":[12],"times":[13],"in":[14,44,110,181,227,244,266,365],"hard":[15,213],"drives),":[16],"parallelism":[17],"and":[18,27,49,78,113,121,149,165,202,215,229,270,322,352,363],"bank":[19],"conflicts":[20],"(in":[21],"SSDs),":[22],"transfer":[25,42],"data,":[26],"firmware-internal":[28],"operations.":[29],"The":[30],"Disk-access":[31],"Machine":[32],"(DAM)":[33],"model":[34,61,104,223,333],"simplifies":[35],"reality":[36],"by":[37],"assuming":[38],"that":[39,50,162,199,220,237,265,295,319,330],"storage":[40,196],"data":[43,277,347],"blocks":[45],"of":[46,80,99,108,117,172,186,195,208,212],"size":[47],"B":[48,68,118,138,230,249,288,310],"all":[51,137,147,151,296],"transfers":[52],"unit":[54],"cost.":[55],"Despite":[56],"its":[57],"simplifications,":[58],"the":[59,72,76,81,86,89,102,106,111,114,154,163,173,200,209,221,234,245,268,285,307,331,350,356],"DAM":[60,87,103,174,332],"is":[62,69,334],"reasonably":[63],"accurate.":[64],"In":[65,144,157,284,306],"fact,":[66],"if":[67],"set":[70],"half-bandwidth":[73],"point,":[74],"where":[75],"latency":[77],"bandwidth":[79],"hardware":[82,94],"are":[83,153,169,239,252,258,298,325],"equal,":[84],"then":[85],"approximates":[88],"IO":[90,282],"cost":[91],"on":[92,191],"any":[93],"within":[96],"a":[97,145,177,192,337],"factor":[98],"2.":[100],"Furthermore,":[101,233],"explains":[105,224],"popularity":[107,116],"B-trees":[109,132,228,238],"1970s":[112],"current":[115],"\u025b":[119,139,231,250,289,311],"-trees":[120,140,251,290,312],"log-structured":[122],"merge":[123],"trees.":[124],"But":[125],"it":[126,273],"fails":[127],"explain":[129],"why":[130],"some":[131],"use":[133,141],"small":[134,170],"nodes,":[135,152],"whereas":[136,248],"large":[142,179,193],"nodes.":[143],"DAM,":[146],"IOs,":[148],"hence":[150],"same":[155],"size.":[156,283],"this":[158],"article,":[159],"we":[160,263],"show":[161,219,264],"affine":[164,201,222,269,286,351],"PDAM":[166,203,271,308,353],"models,":[167,272],"which":[168],"refinements":[171],"model,":[175,287,309],"yield":[176],"surprisingly":[178],"improvement":[180],"predictability":[182],"without":[183],"sacrificing":[184],"ease":[185],"use.":[187],"We":[188,218,328],"present":[189],"benchmarks":[190],"collection":[194],"showing":[198],"models":[204,235,354],"give":[205],"good":[206],"approximations":[207],"characteristics":[211],"drives":[214],"SSDs,":[216],"respectively.":[217],"node-size":[225],"choices":[226,362],"-trees.":[232],"predict":[236],"highly":[240],"sensitive":[241],"variations":[243],"node":[246],"size,":[247],"much":[253],"less":[254],"sensitive.":[255],"These":[256],"predictions":[257],"born":[259],"out":[260],"empirically.":[261],"Finally,":[262],"both":[267,320],"pays":[274],"organize":[276],"structures":[278],"exploit":[280],"varying":[281],"can":[291,315],"be":[292,316],"optimized":[293],"so":[294,318],"operations":[297],"simultaneously":[299],"optimal,":[300],"even":[301],"up":[302],"lower-order":[304],"terms.":[305],"(or":[313],"B-trees)":[314],"organized":[317],"sequential":[321],"concurrent":[323],"workloads":[324],"handled":[326],"efficiently.":[327],"conclude":[329],"useful":[335],"as":[336],"first":[338],"cut":[339],"when":[340],"designing":[341],"or":[342,346],"analyzing":[343],"an":[344],"algorithm":[345,357],"structure":[348],"but":[349],"enable":[355],"designer":[358],"optimize":[360],"parameter":[361],"fill":[364],"design":[366],"details.":[367]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}