{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4210739627","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3469393.3469394","title":"FLAG: Flow Representation Generator based on Self-supervised Learning for Encrypted Traffic Classification","display_name":"FLAG: Flow Representation Generator based on Self-supervised Learning for Encrypted Traffic Classification","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-06-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4210739627","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3469393.3469394"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3469393.3469394","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3469393.3469394","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"5th Asia-Pacific Workshop on Networking (APNet 2021)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083177219","display_name":"Wenting Wei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1795-4938"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenting Wei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Xidian University, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xidian University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035829367","display_name":"Tianjie Ju","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tianjie Ju","raw_affiliation_strings":["Xidian University, Shanghai Jiaotong University, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xidian University, Shanghai Jiaotong University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000138275","display_name":"Han Liao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9630-1745"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31590910","display_name":"Jianghan University","ror":"https://ror.org/041c9x778","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31590910"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Han Liao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jianghan University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jianghan University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31590910"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000406736","display_name":"Weike Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-4941-1085"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weike Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Xidian University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xidian University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049448415","display_name":"Huaxi Gu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6409-2229"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huaxi Gu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Xidian University, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xidian University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"14","last_page":"20"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7326521873474121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flag","display_name":"Flag (linear algebra)","score":0.6595085859298706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.650609016418457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generator","display_name":"Generator (circuit theory)","score":0.6370828151702881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5079899430274963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flow","display_name":"Flow (mathematics)","score":0.46444442868232727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.4516840875148773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3762085437774658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.21399474143981934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.11461278796195984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.09123650193214417}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7326521873474121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776730729","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1392130","display_name":"Flag (linear algebra)","level":3,"score":0.6595085859298706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.650609016418457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780992000","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17016113","display_name":"Generator (circuit theory)","level":3,"score":0.6370828151702881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5079899430274963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38349280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1434290","display_name":"Flow (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.46444442868232727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.4516840875148773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3762085437774658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.21399474143981934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.11461278796195984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.09123650193214417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136119220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1000660","display_name":"Algebra over a field","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3469393.3469394","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3469393.3469394","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"5th Asia-Pacific Workshop on Networking (APNet 2021)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1858066871","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"XJS200119","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":10,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2605422749","https://openalex.org/W2783320270","https://openalex.org/W2896457183","https://openalex.org/W2963516518","https://openalex.org/W2964123888","https://openalex.org/W3001065717","https://openalex.org/W3029652632","https://openalex.org/W3118485687","https://openalex.org/W4300021001"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2324035390","https://openalex.org/W2963151310","https://openalex.org/W3175137310","https://openalex.org/W2583526987","https://openalex.org/W3034984450","https://openalex.org/W2695311495","https://openalex.org/W3139271019","https://openalex.org/W2098156551","https://openalex.org/W4401592300","https://openalex.org/W1895129854"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Due":[0],"to":[1,80,120],"its":[2],"excellent":[3],"ability":[4],"in":[5,133,139,143,149],"learning":[6,14],"features":[7],"from":[8,104],"large":[9],"scale":[10],"raw":[11,83],"data,":[12],"deep":[13],"(DL)":[15],"has":[16],"attracted":[17],"much":[18],"attention":[19],"for":[20],"encrypted":[21],"traffic":[22,27,42,55,61,84],"classification.":[23],"However,":[24],"most":[25],"DL-based":[26],"classifiers":[28],"usually":[29],"rely":[30],"on":[31,52,65],"enormous":[32],"labeled":[33,54],"samples.":[34,62],"Motivated":[35],"by":[36,109],"this,":[37],"we":[38,71],"investigate":[39],"a":[40,73],"self-supervised":[41],"classifier":[43],"(FLAG)":[44],"without":[45],"sacrifice":[46],"of":[47,69,88,93,98,135,141,145],"identification":[48],"accuracy,":[49],"only":[50],"depending":[51],"small":[53],"samples":[56],"and":[57,112,137,160],"highly":[58],"available":[59],"unlabeled":[60,82],"Specifically,":[63],"focusing":[64],"local":[66],"short-term":[67],"characteristics":[68,103],"traffic,":[70],"design":[72],"preprocessing":[74],"algorithm,":[75],"termed":[76],"as":[77,91],"N-phrase":[78],"Extration,":[79],"convert":[81],"dataset":[85,136,142],"into":[86,114],"sequences":[87,106],"high-frequency":[89],"phrases":[90],"input":[92,105],"Bidirectional":[94,110],"Encoder.":[95],"On":[96],"account":[97],"their":[99],"significance,":[100],"potential":[101],"timing":[102],"are":[107,155],"mined":[108],"Encoder":[111],"embedded":[113],"robust":[115],"representations":[116],"with":[117],"distributed":[118],"vectors":[119],"enhance":[121],"classifier\u2019s":[122],"performance":[123],"significantly.":[124],"Our":[125],"comprehensive":[126],"experiments":[127],"indicate":[128],"FLAG":[129],"can":[130],"achieve":[131],"98.65%":[132],"100%":[134],"98.07%":[138],"10%":[140],"terms":[144],"true":[146],"positive":[147],"rate":[148],"UNB":[150],"ISCX":[151],"VPN-nonVPN":[152],"dataset,":[153],"which":[154],"better":[156],"than":[157],"p-FP,":[158],"FS-Net":[159],"Deep":[161],"Packet.":[162]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
