{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3196385594","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3468889","title":"A Review on Question Generation from Natural Language Text","display_name":"A Review on Question Generation from Natural Language Text","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-09-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3196385594","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3468889","mag":"3196385594"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3468889","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3468889","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4394735545","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Information Systems","issn_l":"1046-8188","issn":["1046-8188","1558-2868"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Information Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009898523","display_name":"Ruqing Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4294-2541"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210090176","display_name":"Institute of Computing Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0090r4d87","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210090176"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ruqing Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["CAS Key Lab of Network Data Science and Technology, Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CAS Key Lab of Network Data Science and Technology, Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210090176","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088621320","display_name":"Jiafeng Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9509-8674"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210090176","display_name":"Institute of Computing Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0090r4d87","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210090176"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiafeng Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["CAS Key Lab of Network Data Science and Technology, Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CAS Key Lab of Network Data Science and Technology, Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210090176","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100432084","display_name":"Lu Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4527-9207"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210090176","display_name":"Institute of Computing Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0090r4d87","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210090176"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lu Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["CAS Key Lab of Network Data Science and Technology, Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CAS Key Lab of Network Data Science and Technology, Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210090176","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006971161","display_name":"Yixing Fan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4317-2702"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210090176","display_name":"Institute of Computing Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0090r4d87","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210090176"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yixing Fan","raw_affiliation_strings":["CAS Key Lab of Network Data Science and Technology, Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CAS Key Lab of Network Data Science and Technology, Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210090176","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029998682","display_name":"Xueqi Cheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5201-8195"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210090176","display_name":"Institute of Computing Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0090r4d87","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210090176"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xueqi Cheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["CAS Key Lab of Network Data Science and Technology, Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CAS Key Lab of Network Data Science and Technology, Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210090176","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5009898523"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210090176","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.2913,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":77,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97033973,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"40","issue":"1","first_page":"1","last_page":"43"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.769788384437561},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/question-answering","display_name":"Question answering","score":0.6627143621444702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-generation","display_name":"Natural language generation","score":0.5823808312416077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-understanding","display_name":"Natural language understanding","score":0.5821630358695984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variety","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","score":0.5813044905662537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5678392648696899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language","display_name":"Natural language","score":0.5512245893478394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.5343685746192932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/focus","display_name":"Focus (optics)","score":0.5033275485038757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/taxonomy","display_name":"Taxonomy (biology)","score":0.48108193278312683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.4634445011615753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.43919315934181213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.3648279309272766}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.769788384437561},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44291984","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074173","display_name":"Question answering","level":2,"score":0.6627143621444702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776187449","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1513879","display_name":"Natural language generation","level":3,"score":0.5823808312416077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779439875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1078276","display_name":"Natural language understanding","level":3,"score":0.5821630358695984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136197465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","level":2,"score":0.5813044905662537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5678392648696899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195324797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33742","display_name":"Natural language","level":2,"score":0.5512245893478394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5343685746192932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.5033275485038757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58642233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8269924","display_name":"Taxonomy (biology)","level":2,"score":0.48108193278312683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.4634445011615753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.43919315934181213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.3648279309272766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3468889","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3468889","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4394735545","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Information Systems","issn_l":"1046-8188","issn":["1046-8188","1558-2868"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Information Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.8199999928474426}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2725740144","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"20144310, 2016102, and 2021100","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322847","funder_display_name":"Youth Innovation Promotion Association of the Chinese Academy of Sciences"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G422846197","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62006218, 61902381, 61773362, and 61872338","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322847","display_name":"Youth Innovation Promotion Association of the Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/031141b54"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327721","display_name":"K. C. Wong Education Foundation","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":167,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W19665345","https://openalex.org/W1516184288","https://openalex.org/W1524281572","https://openalex.org/W1559167879","https://openalex.org/W1571289121","https://openalex.org/W1577206506","https://openalex.org/W1587141723","https://openalex.org/W1603305011","https://openalex.org/W1909320841","https://openalex.org/W1959608418","https://openalex.org/W1966846336","https://openalex.org/W2022577044","https://openalex.org/W2037960075","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2069032672","https://openalex.org/W2084116555","https://openalex.org/W2109609717","https://openalex.org/W2113765418","https://openalex.org/W2116817443","https://openalex.org/W2125436846","https://openalex.org/W2132529109","https://openalex.org/W2133459682","https://openalex.org/W2137006453","https://openalex.org/W2156644463","https://openalex.org/W2157331557","https://openalex.org/W2162960250","https://openalex.org/W2188365844","https://openalex.org/W2189246496","https://openalex.org/W2250335116","https://openalex.org/W2250425483","https://openalex.org/W2251694021","https://openalex.org/W2275056699","https://openalex.org/W2336465850","https://openalex.org/W2349436533","https://openalex.org/W2508728158","https://openalex.org/W2519887557","https://openalex.org/W2521114121","https://openalex.org/W2557764419","https://openalex.org/W2562215231","https://openalex.org/W2578080060","https://openalex.org/W2579486552","https://openalex.org/W2584379821","https://openalex.org/W2590822507","https://openalex.org/W2604314403","https://openalex.org/W2609826708","https://openalex.org/W2610891036","https://openalex.org/W2624022918","https://openalex.org/W2741253951","https://openalex.org/W2741542691","https://openalex.org/W2757311323","https://openalex.org/W2757715585","https://openalex.org/W2757978590","https://openalex.org/W2769934148","https://openalex.org/W2781577627","https://openalex.org/W2786696504","https://openalex.org/W2789204155","https://openalex.org/W2798465082","https://openalex.org/W2798575418","https://openalex.org/W2798888952","https://openalex.org/W2803595284","https://openalex.org/W2804292122","https://openalex.org/W2804340650","https://openalex.org/W2807132464","https://openalex.org/W2807750936","https://openalex.org/W2808021740","https://openalex.org/W2809326784","https://openalex.org/W2810503719","https://openalex.org/W2825507547","https://openalex.org/W2884022884","https://openalex.org/W2888302696","https://openalex.org/W2889670144","https://openalex.org/W2890166583","https://openalex.org/W2891038620","https://openalex.org/W2891946694","https://openalex.org/W2902360757","https://openalex.org/W2902583760","https://openalex.org/W2904146647","https://openalex.org/W2906432682","https://openalex.org/W2911300548","https://openalex.org/W2911857455","https://openalex.org/W2912924812","https://openalex.org/W2913637861","https://openalex.org/W2917436183","https://openalex.org/W2918008835","https://openalex.org/W2918053736","https://openalex.org/W2949344803","https://openalex.org/W2950970512","https://openalex.org/W2950990772","https://openalex.org/W2951523806","https://openalex.org/W2951785908","https://openalex.org/W2952939310","https://openalex.org/W2962717047","https://openalex.org/W2962805889","https://openalex.org/W2962977247","https://openalex.org/W2963035145","https://openalex.org/W2963073614","https://openalex.org/W2963088995","https://openalex.org/W2963149098","https://openalex.org/W2963206148","https://openalex.org/W2963339397","https://openalex.org/W2963351776","https://openalex.org/W2963395792","https://openalex.org/W2963443217","https://openalex.org/W2963521413","https://openalex.org/W2963627339","https://openalex.org/W2963938442","https://openalex.org/W2963957489","https://openalex.org/W2963963993","https://openalex.org/W2964112275","https://openalex.org/W2964223283","https://openalex.org/W2964236999","https://openalex.org/W2964267515","https://openalex.org/W2964278185","https://openalex.org/W2964285114","https://openalex.org/W2964308564","https://openalex.org/W2964776615","https://openalex.org/W2964912036","https://openalex.org/W2969799438","https://openalex.org/W2970168687","https://openalex.org/W2970250435","https://openalex.org/W2970489252","https://openalex.org/W2970647290","https://openalex.org/W2970796366","https://openalex.org/W2980345007","https://openalex.org/W2980918481","https://openalex.org/W2983655111","https://openalex.org/W2984004948","https://openalex.org/W2984284833","https://openalex.org/W2986623211","https://openalex.org/W2988266977","https://openalex.org/W2988673764","https://openalex.org/W2989613245","https://openalex.org/W2997054320","https://openalex.org/W2997601848","https://openalex.org/W3003604522","https://openalex.org/W3003611599","https://openalex.org/W3007759824","https://openalex.org/W3008374555","https://openalex.org/W3012866232","https://openalex.org/W3014873451","https://openalex.org/W3015916646","https://openalex.org/W3033557797","https://openalex.org/W3034239264","https://openalex.org/W3034383728","https://openalex.org/W3034818681","https://openalex.org/W3034844787","https://openalex.org/W3034879633","https://openalex.org/W3035098003","https://openalex.org/W3035359363","https://openalex.org/W3045652351","https://openalex.org/W3083554674","https://openalex.org/W3094396842","https://openalex.org/W3101798106","https://openalex.org/W3103026670","https://openalex.org/W3116480376","https://openalex.org/W3143835353","https://openalex.org/W3188048876","https://openalex.org/W4234477270","https://openalex.org/W4246343967","https://openalex.org/W4247009661","https://openalex.org/W4250468324","https://openalex.org/W4251971396","https://openalex.org/W4253521835","https://openalex.org/W4254065450","https://openalex.org/W4285417481","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6636241634"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3157284875","https://openalex.org/W2147241511","https://openalex.org/W2259406085","https://openalex.org/W2386843486","https://openalex.org/W1538826769","https://openalex.org/W2949597526","https://openalex.org/W4313401079","https://openalex.org/W2739915479","https://openalex.org/W2945848244","https://openalex.org/W2803628660"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Question":[0],"generation":[1,41,74,140],"is":[2,102,203],"an":[3,192],"important":[4],"yet":[5],"challenging":[6],"problem":[7],"in":[8,51,127,205],"Artificial":[9],"Intelligence":[10],"(AI),":[11],"which":[12,46],"aims":[13],"to":[14,55,83,106,124,132,172,190],"generate":[15],"natural":[16,25,43],"and":[17,32,115,157,180,209,214],"relevant":[18],"questions":[19],"from":[20,42,79,112,142,169],"various":[21],"input":[22,151],"formats,":[23],"e.g.,":[24],"language":[26,44],"text,":[27,45,153],"structure":[28],"database,":[29],"knowledge":[30],"base,":[31],"image.":[33],"In":[34,122],"this":[35,128],"article,":[36],"we":[37,99,130,200],"focus":[38],"on":[39],"question":[40,64,73,139],"has":[47],"received":[48],"tremendous":[49],"interest":[50],"recent":[52],"years":[53],"due":[54],"the":[56,68,103,108,147,150,154,158,196,206,212],"widespread":[57],"applications":[58],"such":[59],"as":[60],"data":[61],"augmentation":[62],"for":[63,119],"answering":[65],"systems.":[66],"During":[67],"past":[69],"decades,":[70],"many":[71],"different":[72,144,170],"models":[75,168,186],"have":[76,90],"been":[77,91],"proposed,":[78,98],"traditional":[80],"rule-based":[81],"methods":[82],"advanced":[84],"neural":[85],"network-based":[86],"methods.":[87],"Since":[88],"there":[89],"a":[92,134,163],"large":[93],"variety":[94],"of":[95,138,149,195],"research":[96],"works":[97],"believe":[100],"it":[101],"right":[104],"time":[105],"summarize":[107],"current":[109,207],"status,":[110],"learn":[111],"existing":[113,125,167,197],"methodologies,":[114],"gain":[116],"some":[117],"insights":[118],"future":[120,216],"development.":[121],"contrast":[123],"reviews,":[126],"survey,":[129],"try":[131],"provide":[133],"more":[135],"comprehensive":[136],"taxonomy":[137],"tasks":[141,189],"three":[143],"perspectives,":[145],"i.e.,":[146],"types":[148],"context":[152],"target":[155],"answer,":[156],"generated":[159],"question.":[160],"We":[161,183],"take":[162],"deep":[164],"look":[165],"into":[166],"dimensions":[171],"analyze":[173],"their":[174],"underlying":[175],"ideas,":[176],"major":[177],"design":[178],"principles,":[179],"training":[181],"strategies":[182],"compare":[184],"these":[185],"through":[187],"benchmark":[188],"obtain":[191],"empirical":[193],"understanding":[194],"techniques.":[198],"Moreover,":[199],"discuss":[201],"what":[202,210],"missing":[204],"literature":[208],"are":[211],"promising":[213],"desired":[215],"directions.":[217]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":30},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-03-13T16:22:10.518609","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}